Shielding

Electromagnetic shielding cages inside a disassembled mobile phone are shown. One cage is removed to show the protected circuit inside. Credit: Petteri Aimonen.

Shielding is needed for a person or vehicle whenever local conditions are outside fair weather and pleasant circumstances.

In cold weather or cold climates this may take the form of a coat, hat, gloves, and boots.

Vehicle shielding may be for the vehicle itself, its components, or its passengers and driver or operator.

At right the electromagnetic shielding cages inside a mobile phone are shown, with one removed to show the components.

Theoretical radiation shielding

"The straightahead approximation, ie, the approximation that the secondary particles from nucleon-nucleus collisions are emitted in the direction of the incident nucleon, is often used in space-vehicle shielding studies. [...] the approximation is sufficiently accurate to justify its use in obtaining estimates of the secondary-particle contribution to the dose behind thin shields."[1]

Meteors

"The impact shielding presently incorporated into space platform design may not be adequate under Leonid storm conditions."[2]

Research

Hypothesis:

  1. Sometimes the best shielding is knowledge and the technology to implement it.

Control groups

This is an image of a Lewis rat. Credit: Charles River Laboratories.

The findings demonstrate a statistically systematic change from the status quo or the control group.

“In the design of experiments, treatments [or special properties or characteristics] are applied to [or observed in] experimental units in the treatment group(s).[3] In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.[4]"[5]

Proof of concept

Def. a “short and/or incomplete realization of a certain method or idea to demonstrate its feasibility"[6] is called a proof of concept.

Def. evidence that demonstrates that a concept is possible is called proof of concept.

The proof-of-concept structure consists of

  1. background,
  2. procedures,
  3. findings, and
  4. interpretation.[7]

Proof of technology

"[T]he objective of a proof of technology is to determine the solution to some technical problem, such as how two systems might be integrated or that a certain throughput can be achieved with a given configuration."[8]

Def.

  1. "[a]n original object or form which is a basis for other objects, forms, or for its models and generalizations",[9]
  2. "[a]n early sample or model built to test a concept or process",[9] or
  3. "[a]n instance of a category or a concept that combines its most representative attributes"[9] is called a prototype.

Def. "[t]o test something using the conditions that it was designed to operate under, especially out in the real world instead of in a laboratory or workshop"[10] is called "field-test", or a field test.

A "proof-of-technology prototype ... typically implements one critical scenario to exercise or stress the highest-priority requirements."[11]

"[A] proof-of-technology test demonstrates the system can be used"[12].

"The strongest proof of technology performance is based on consistency among multiple lines of evidence, all pointing to similar levels of risk reduction."[13]

See also

References

  1. ↑ R. G. Alsmiller Jr., D. C. Irving, H. S. Moran (April 1968). "Validity of the Straightahead Approximation in Space-Vehicle Shielding Studies, Part II". Nuclear Science & Engineering 32 (1): 56-61. http://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/nse/a_18824. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  2. ↑ P. Brown, J. Jones, and M. Beech (1996). "The Danger to Satellites from Meteor Storms—A Case Study of the Leonids". Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Space V: 13-9. doi:10.1061/40177(207)3. http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?100711. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
  3. ↑ Klaus Hinkelmann, Oscar Kempthorne (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9. http://books.google.com/?id=T3wWj2kVYZgC&printsec=frontcover.
  4. ↑ R. A. Bailey (2008). Design of comparative experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9. http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521683579.
  5. ↑ "Treatment and control groups, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. May 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
  6. ↑ "proof of concept, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. November 10, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  7. ↑ Ginger Lehrman and Ian B Hogue, Sarah Palmer, Cheryl Jennings, Celsa A Spina, Ann Wiegand, Alan L Landay, Robert W Coombs, Douglas D Richman, John W Mellors, John M Coffin, Ronald J Bosch, David M Margolis (August 13, 2005). "Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study". Lancet 366 (9485): 549-55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67098-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1894952/. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
  8. ↑ "Proof of concept, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. December 27, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  9. 1 2 3 "prototype, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. December 8, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  10. ↑ "field-test, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. August 5, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  11. ↑ A. Liu; I. Gorton (March/April 2003). "Accelerating COTS middleware acquisition: the i-Mate process". Software, IEEE 20 (2): 72-9. doi:10.1109/MS.2003.1184171. http://cin.ufpe.br/~redis/intranet/bibliography/middleware/liu-cots03.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
  12. ↑ Rhea Wessel (January 25, 2008). "Cargo-Tracking System Combines RFID, Sensors, GSM and Satellite". RFID Journal: 1-2. http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/pdf/3870/1/1/rfidjournal-article3870.PDF. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
  13. ↑ P. Suresh, C. Rao, M.D. Annable and J.W. Jawitz (August 2000). E. Timothy Oppelt. ed. [http://www.afcee.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-071003-081.pdf#page=108 In Situ Flushing for Enhanced NAPL Site Remediation: Metrics for Performance Assessment, In: Abiotic In Situ Technologies for Groundwater Remediation Conference]. Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. pp. 105. http://www.afcee.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-071003-081.pdf#page=108. Retrieved 2012-02-15.

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