Particle fountain

This diagram shows a model for multicellullar storm growth using a particle fountain for each storm cell. Credit: Zhaoxia Zeng, Sandra E. Yuter, and Robert A. Houze Jr, and David E. Kingsmill.

A particle fountain consists of a narrow transmission tube that usually transports particles from one location to another. Once the desired location is reached the particles shower outward from the projected direction like a fountain.

The diagram at the right conceptualizes a particle fountain as a model for individual storm cell development.

Theoretical particle fountains

The "ensemble of hydrometeor trajectories associated with a buoyant updraft element [is] a ‘‘particle fountain.’’ In the convective stage of a storm, the buoyant parcels carry ice particles to the middle and upper levels of the storm and spread them laterally before they fall, just as jets of water in a fountain shoot up and spread out before falling to the ground in a gravitationally sorted pattern. As a convective region dies out and the precipitation takes on a stratiform character, the ice particles left aloft by the old spreading buoyant elements (the upper portion of old particle fountains) are local maxima in ice particle concentrations. These concentrated particles gradually fall out through the region of weak stratiform ascent. The concentrated particles likely aggregate, melt into large drops, and manifest themselves as fallstreaks below the 0°C level."[1]

Atmospheres

"Individual cells can be described in terms of a single particle fountain. ... in multicellular storms, the ensemble of particle fountains rapidly evolves toward microphysical characteristics indicative of dominant vapor depositional growth, characteristic of stratiform regions, even when strong updrafts are present. [...] in contrast to the ensemble of particle fountains, for individual particle fountains the kinematic and microphysical evolution are more closely coupled in time and that vapor depositional growth does not dominate in the individual cell until the updraft associated with the cell has weakened. [...] A particle fountain is associated with a single cell, and consists of a buoyant updraft element and its accompanying precipitation particles and pressure-gradient-forced downdrafts required by mass continuity."[2]

Materials

"In this modification of a fluidized bed, a single entry spout (fuel plus air) penetrates a cylindrical bed of inert (sand) particles [from below and up along a central vertical tube or slightly conical tube with the larger diameter on top]. The particles displaced by the spout create a particle fountain, but gravity returns them to the annulus."[3]

Fountain tubes

"The fountain tube serves as an additional spray coating zone, a zone to introduce heat for drying and a means for controlling the height of the particle fountain issuing from the draft tube."[4]

Original research

Hypothesis:

  1. A particle accelerator designed to function as a particle fountain may be able to initiate cumulus cell growth with resulting precipitation locally.

Proof of technology

"[T]he objective of a proof of technology is to determine the solution to some technical problem, such as how two systems might be integrated or that a certain throughput can be achieved with a given configuration."[5]

Def.

  1. "[a]n original object or form which is a basis for other objects, forms, or for its models and generalizations",[6]
  2. "[a]n early sample or model built to test a concept or process",[6] or
  3. "[a]n instance of a category or a concept that combines its most representative attributes"[6] is called a prototype.

Def. "[t]o test something using the conditions that it was designed to operate under, especially out in the real world instead of in a laboratory or workshop"[7] is called "field-test", or a field test.

A "proof-of-technology prototype ... typically implements one critical scenario to exercise or stress the highest-priority requirements."[8]

"[A] proof-of-technology test demonstrates the system can be used"[9].

"The strongest proof of technology performance is based on consistency among multiple lines of evidence, all pointing to similar levels of risk reduction."[10]

See also

  • Particle astronomy

References

  1. ↑ Sandra E. Yuter and Robert A. Houze Jr. (July 1997). "Measurements of Raindrop Size Distributions over the Pacific Warm Pool and Implications for Z–R Relations". Journal of Applied Meteorology 36 (7): 847-67. http://www.atmos.washington.edu/gcg/yuter/pdfs/JAM97_yute_measurements.pdf. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
  2. ↑ Zhaoxia Zeng , Sandra E. Yuter , and Robert A. Houze Jr., and David E. Kingsmill (August 2001). "Microphysics of the rapid development of heavy convective precipitation". Monthly Weather Review 129 (8): 1882-904. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129%3C1882:MOTRDO%3E2.0.CO%3B2. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  3. ↑ Elmar R. Altwicker, Jeffrey A. Schonberg, and Ravi Kumar N. V. Konduri (October 24, 1990). Ronald O. Kagel. ed. Formation of Polychlorodibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorodibenzo Furans during Heterogeneous Combustion, In: Emissions From Combustion Processes: Origin, Measurement, Control. CRC Press. pp. 25-56. ISBN 0873711726. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZLRlcLwSzrMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA25&ots=9JZWTsfn6_&sig=7Xg2Y80ai_V5722wwI4BuhahYbc. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
  4. ↑ Stevan D Jovanovic, Howard Littman, Morris H Morgan (1993). "Coating apparatus having opposed atomizing nozzles in a fluid bed column". United States Patent (5,254,168). http://www.google.com/patents/US5254168. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  5. ↑ "Proof of concept, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. December 27, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  6. 1 2 3 "prototype, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 30 October 2014. Retrieved 2015-02-06.
  7. ↑ "field-test, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. August 5, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  8. ↑ A. Liu; I. Gorton (March/April 2003). "Accelerating COTS middleware acquisition: the i-Mate process". Software, IEEE 20 (2): 72-9. doi:10.1109/MS.2003.1184171. http://cin.ufpe.br/~redis/intranet/bibliography/middleware/liu-cots03.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
  9. ↑ Rhea Wessel (January 25, 2008). "Cargo-Tracking System Combines RFID, Sensors, GSM and Satellite". RFID Journal: 1-2. http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/pdf/3870/1/1/rfidjournal-article3870.PDF. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
  10. ↑ P. Suresh, C. Rao, M.D. Annable and J.W. Jawitz (August 2000). E. Timothy Oppelt. ed. [http://www.afcee.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-071003-081.pdf#page=108 In Situ Flushing for Enhanced NAPL Site Remediation: Metrics for Performance Assessment, In: Abiotic In Situ Technologies for Groundwater Remediation Conference]. Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. pp. 105. http://www.afcee.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-071003-081.pdf#page=108. Retrieved 2012-02-15.

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