Parkinson's Symptoms/Non-motor
< Parkinson's SymptomsChaudhuri et al [Main Ref 1] stressed the importance of identifying, measuring and treating non-motor PD symptoms and proposed the following classification of non-motor symptoms.
Cardiovascular
See the review of Cardiovascular dysautonomia in Parkinson's by Jain and Goldstein[Main Ref 2]
Orthostatic hypotension
Drop in blood pressure during changes in body position.
A recent review of Cardiovascular dysautonomia in Parkinson's by Jain and Goldstein (2012) is particularly relevant.[1]
The following references are also relevant:-
Hussain et al (2001) Treatment of erectile dysfunction with sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in parkinsonism due to Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy with observations on orthostatic hypotension [2]
Park and Stacy(2011) Dopamine-Induced Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease [3]
Sommer et al (2011) Nondipping in Parkinson's Disease [4]
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References
- ↑ Jain, Samay, and David S. Goldstein. Cardiovascular Dysautonomia in Parkinson Disease: From Pathophysiology to Pathogenesis. Neurobiology of Disease 46, no. 3 (June 2012): 572–580. Full Text PubMed Central http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299874/
- ↑ Husain, I.; Brady, C.; Swinn, M.; Mathias, C. and Fowler, C. (2001) Full TextJ. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 71 (3) 371 – 374 Treatment of erectile dysfunction with sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in parkinsonism due to Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy with observations on orthostatic hypotension http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1737541/
- ↑ Park, Ariane and Stacy, Mark(2011) Full TextParkinsons Dis. 2011 485063. Dopamine-Induced Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096061/
- ↑ Sommer, Sita: Aral-Bexhwe, Billur and Jost, Wolfgang (2011) Full TextParkinsons Dis. 2011: 897586. Nondipping in Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3175384/
Tachycardia
Rapid heart rate
The following references are relevant:-
Wilcox and Aminoff (1976) Blood pressure responses to noradrenaline and dopamine infusions in Parkinson's disease and the Shy-Drager syndrome[1]
Riley and Chelimsky (2003) Autonomic nervous system testing may not distinguish multiple system atrophy from Parkinson's disease[2]
Shimizu and Ohno (2013) Improving the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease: A Novel Approach by Modulating 5-HT1A Receptors [3]
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References
- ↑ Wilcox, C.S. and Aminoff, M.J.(1976) Full Text Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol 3 (2) 207 – 214 Blood pressure responses to noradrenaline and dopamine infusions in Parkinson's disease and the Shy-Drager syndrome. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1428863/
- ↑ Riley, D. and Chelimsky, T. (2003) Full TextJ. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 74 (1) 56 – 60.Autonomic nervous system testing may not distinguish multiple system atrophy from Parkinson's disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1738185/
- ↑ Shimizu, Saki and Ohno, Yukihiro (2013) Full Text Aging Dis. 4 (1) 1 – 13 Improving the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease: A Novel Approach by Modulating 5-HT1A Receptors http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3570136/
Tachypnoia
Rapid breathing
The following references are relevant:-
Vas et al (1965) Parkinsonism associated with laryngeal spasm.[1]
Kim, R. (1968) The chronic residual respiratory disorder in post-encephalitis Parkinsonism [2]
Apps et al (1985) Respiration and sleep in Parkinson's disease. [3]/
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References
- ↑ Vas, C.J.; Parsonage,M. and Lord, O.C. (1965) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 28 (5) 401 – 403 Parkinsonism associated with laryngeal spasm. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC495924/
- ↑ Kim, R. (1968) Full TextJ. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 31 (4) 393 – 398 The chronic residual respiratory disorder in post-encephalitis Parkinsonismhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC496381/
- ↑ Apps, M.C.; Sheaff, P.C.; Ingram, D.A.; Kennard, C.; and Empey, D.W. (1985) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 48 (12) 1240 – 1245 Respiration and sleep in Parkinson's disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1028608
Sleep/Fatigue
Agrypnia
Redirected to Insomnia: ( To subpage for editing >> )
Disturbed sleep
May include Agrypnia
The following references are relevant:-
Schutte-Rodin et al (2008)Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults [1]
Suzuki et al(2011)Sleep Disturbances Associated with Parkinson's Disease [2]
Louter et al (2012) Recognition and diagnosis of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease [3]
Further Research
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Search the scientific literature (Agrypnia)
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References
- ↑ Schutte-Rodin, Sharon; Broch, Lauren; Buysse, Daniel; Dorsey, Cynthia and Sateia, Michael (2008) Full Text J. Clin. Sleep Med. 4 (5) 487 – 504. Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2576317/
- ↑ Suzuki, Keisuke; Miyamoto, Masayuki; Miyamoto, Tomoyuki; Iwanami, Masoki and Hirata, Koichi (2011) Full TextParkinsons Dis. 2011: 219056. Sleep Disturbances Associated with Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3159123/
- ↑ Louter, Maartje; Aarden, Willemijn C.C.A.; Lion, Joy, Bloem, Bastiaan R. and Overeem, Sebastian (2012) Full TextJ. Neurol. 259 (10) 2031 – 2040. Recognition and diagnosis of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3464375/
Apnoea
Arrest of breathing
There is an alternative spelling " Apnea". This is most frequently observed sleep disorder. During apnoea there is no movement of air in or out of the lungs. There is a considerable body of literature on this Symptom. Here are a few references and a general search tool:
Chotinaiwattarakui et al (2010) Risk of sleep-disordered breathing in Parkinson's disease [1]
Univ. of California clinical Trials. (2012). Study into the cognitive benefits of treating sleep apnea in Parkinson’s disease [2]
Lelieveld et al (2012) The Role of Serotonin in Sleep Disordered Breathing Associated with Parkinson Disease: A Correlative DASB PET Imaging Study [3]
Further Research
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Search the scientific literature - Apnea
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References
- ↑ Chotinawattarakui, Wattanachai; Davalu, Ptaveen; Chervin, Ronald D, and Albin, Roger L. (2010) Sleep Breath 15 (3) 471 – 478 Risk of sleep-disordered breathing in Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2978748/
- ↑ Univ. Californis Clinical Trial, (2012). Study into the cognitive benefits of treating sleep apnea in Parkinson’s disease. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00492115
- ↑ Lelieveld, Irene M.; Müller, Martijn L.T.M.; Bohnen, Nicolaas I.Koeppe, Robert A.; Chervin. Robert D; Frey, Kirk A.; and Alnin, Roger L.(2012) PloS On The Role of Serotonin in Sleep Disordered Breathing Associated with Parkinson Disease: A Correlative DASB PET Imaging Study e 7 (7) e-40166 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390329/
Coma
Deep unconsciousness with loss of awareness
The following references are relevant:-
Guillan(1925) A clinical study of encephalitis lethargic – based on 62 cases [1]
Jang et al (2009) Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus can enter the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration [2]
Nakamagoe et al (2009) Parkinsonism with organophosphate poisoning [3]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Gullan, A. Gordon (1925) Full Text Br. Med. J. 1 (3364) 1120 – 1124. A clinical study of encephalitis lethargic – based on 62 cases http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2227105/
- ↑ Jang, Haeman; Boltz, David; Sturm-Ramirez, Katharinr; Shepherd, Kennie R.; Jiao, Yun; Webster, Robert and Smeyne, Richard J. (2009) Full Text Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 106 (33) 14063 – 14068. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus can enter the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2729020/
- ↑ Nakmgoe, Kyotaka; Watanabe, Masahiki; Takeda, ohoru; Mizutani,Taro; and Tamaoka, Ahira (2009) Full Text BMJ Case Rep. bcr04.2009.1766. > Parkinsonism with organophosphate poisoning http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3029951/
Insomnia
Disturbed sleep
May include Agrypnia
The following references are relevant:-
Schutte-Rodin et al (2008)Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults [1]
Suzuki et al(2011)Sleep Disturbances Associated with Parkinson's Disease [2]
Louter et al (2012) Recognition and diagnosis of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease [3]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Schutte-Rodin, Sharon; Broch, Lauren; Buysse, Daniel; Dorsey, Cynthia and Sateia, Michael (2008) Full Text J. Clin. Sleep Med. 4 (5) 487 – 504. Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2576317/
- ↑ Suzuki, Keisuke; Miyamoto, Masayuki; Miyamoto, Tomoyuki; Iwanami, Masoki and Hirata, Koichi (2011) Full TextParkinsons Dis. 2011: 219056. Sleep Disturbances Associated with Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3159123/
- ↑ Louter, Maartje; Aarden, Willemijn C.C.A.; Lion, Joy, Bloem, Bastiaan R. and Overeem, Sebastian (2012) Full TextJ. Neurol. 259 (10) 2031 – 2040. Recognition and diagnosis of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3464375/
Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy Sudden urge to sleep.
The following references are relevant:-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1978248/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22747735
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22939103
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References
Sleep disorder
Disturbed sleep
May include Agrypnia
The following references are relevant:-
Schutte-Rodin et al (2008)Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults [1]
Suzuki et al(2011)Sleep Disturbances Associated with Parkinson's Disease [2]
Louter et al (2012) Recognition and diagnosis of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease [3]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature (Insomnia)
Literature search:
- Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Insomnia.
- This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Search the scientific literature (Agrypnia)
Literature search:
- Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Agrypnia.
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References
- ↑ Schutte-Rodin, Sharon; Broch, Lauren; Buysse, Daniel; Dorsey, Cynthia and Sateia, Michael (2008) Full Text J. Clin. Sleep Med. 4 (5) 487 – 504. Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2576317/
- ↑ Suzuki, Keisuke; Miyamoto, Masayuki; Miyamoto, Tomoyuki; Iwanami, Masoki and Hirata, Koichi (2011) Full TextParkinsons Dis. 2011: 219056. Sleep Disturbances Associated with Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3159123/
- ↑ Louter, Maartje; Aarden, Willemijn C.C.A.; Lion, Joy, Bloem, Bastiaan R. and Overeem, Sebastian (2012) Full TextJ. Neurol. 259 (10) 2031 – 2040. Recognition and diagnosis of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3464375/
Somnipathy
Disturbed sleep
May include Agrypnia
The following references are relevant:-
Schutte-Rodin et al (2008)Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults [1]
Suzuki et al(2011)Sleep Disturbances Associated with Parkinson's Disease [2]
Louter et al (2012) Recognition and diagnosis of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease [3]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature (Insomnia)
Literature search:
- Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Insomnia.
- This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Search the scientific literature (Agrypnia)
Literature search:
- Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Agrypnia.
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References
- ↑ Schutte-Rodin, Sharon; Broch, Lauren; Buysse, Daniel; Dorsey, Cynthia and Sateia, Michael (2008) Full Text J. Clin. Sleep Med. 4 (5) 487 – 504. Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2576317/
- ↑ Suzuki, Keisuke; Miyamoto, Masayuki; Miyamoto, Tomoyuki; Iwanami, Masoki and Hirata, Koichi (2011) Full TextParkinsons Dis. 2011: 219056. Sleep Disturbances Associated with Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3159123/
- ↑ Louter, Maartje; Aarden, Willemijn C.C.A.; Lion, Joy, Bloem, Bastiaan R. and Overeem, Sebastian (2012) Full TextJ. Neurol. 259 (10) 2031 – 2040. Recognition and diagnosis of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3464375/
Mood/Apathy
Aboulia
Lack of will or initiative
There is an alternative spelling ’Abulia’.
This symptom can come about through trauma or as a result of Deep Brain Stimulation. It can also arise from non-Parkinsonian causes such as degeneration of or surgery upon the frontal lobes.
Common features of aboulia are:-
• Difficulty in initiating and sustaining purposeful movements
• Lack of spontaneous movement
• Reduced spontaneous movement
• Increased response-time to queries
• Passivity
• Reduced emotional responsiveness and spontaneity
• Reduced social interactions
• Reduced interest in usual pastimes
This has been described by:-
Doder et al (1999) Parkinson's syndrome after closed head injury: a single case report [1]
Redgrave et al (2010)Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson’s disease [2]
Drubach et al (2011)Free Will, Freedom of Choice and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration [3]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Doder, Daniel A,; Jahanshahi, M.; Turjanski, N.; Moseley, I and Lees, A. (1999) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 66 (3) 380–385. Parkinson's syndrome after closed head injury: a single case report http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736270/
- ↑ Redgrave, Peer; Rodruiguez, Manuel, Smith, Yolande; Rodruiguez-Oroz, Maria C.; Lehericy, Stephane; Bergman, Hagai; Agid, Yves; DeLong, Mahlon R. and Obeso, Jose A. (2010) Full Text Nat. Rev. Neurosci 11 (11) 760-772. Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3124757/
- ↑ Drubach, Daniel A.: Rabibstein, Alejandro, A. and Molano, Jennifer (2011) Full Text Mens. Sana. Monogr. 9 (1) 238–250. Free Will, Freedom of Choice and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3115293/
Compulsive behaviour
Out-of character uncontrollable urges, for instance gambling.
The following references are relevant:-
Djamshidian et al (2010) Risk and learning in impulsive and non-impulsive patients with Parkinson’s disease [1]
Djamshidian et al (2011) Novelty seeking behaviour in Parkinson’s disease [2]
Bostwick et al (2012) Frequency of New-Onset Pathologic Compulsive Gambling or Hypersexuality After Drug Treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [3]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Djamshidian, Atbin; Jha Ashwani; O’SWullivan, Sean S.; Silveira-Moriyama, Laura; Jacobson, Clare; Brown, Peter; Lees, Andrew and Averbeck, Bruno B. (2010) Full Text Mov. Disord. 25 (13) 2203 – 2210 Risk and learning in impulsive and non-impulsive patients with Parkinson’s disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093055/
- ↑ Djamshidian, Atbib; O’Sullivan, Sean. S.; Wittman, Bianca C.; Lees, Andrew J. and Averbeck, Bruno B. (2011) Full TextNeuropsychologia. 49 (9) 2483 –2 488. Novelty seeking behaviour in Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137690/
- ↑ Bostwick, J. Michael ; Hecksel, Kathleen A.; Stevens, Susanna R.; Bower, James H. and Ahlskog, J. Eric . (2012) Full Text Mayo Clin. Proc. 84 (4) 310 – 316. Frequency of New-Onset Pathologic Compulsive Gambling or Hypersexuality After Drug Treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137690/
Coprolalia
Exclamatory swearing and use of hostile or obscene epithets.
Daniele et al (1997) Obsessive-compulsive behaviour and cognitive impairment in a parkinsonian patient after left putaminal lesion. [1]
Shale et al (2005) Tics in a patient with Parkinson's disease†[2]
Dale et al (2007) Contemporary encephalitis lethargica presenting with agitated catatonia, stereotypy, and dystonia-parkinsonism. [3]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Daniele, A.; Bartolomeo, P.; Cassetta, E.; Bentivoglio, A. R.; Gainotti, G.; Albanese, A. and Bartolomeo, P. (1997) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 62 (3) 288 – 289. Obsessive-compulsive behaviour and cognitive impairment in a parkinsonian patient after left putaminal lesion. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1064163/?page=1
- ↑ Shale, Heidi; Fahn, Stanley and Mayeux, Richard (2005) Full Text Tics in a patient with Parkinson's disease† http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mds.870010111/abstract
- ↑ Dale, R. C.; Webster, R. and Gill, D. (2007) AbstactMov. Disord. 22 (15) 2281 - 2284. Contemporary encephalitis lethargica presenting with agitated catatonia, stereotypy, and dystonia-parkinsonism. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17914719
Hypomania
Pathological elation.
The following references are relevant:-
Zahodne and Fernandez (2010) Parkinson’s Psychosis [1]
Haq et al (2010) A Case of Mania following Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder [2]
Copra et al (2012) Underlying Neurobiology and Clinical Correlates of Mania Status-Post Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: A Review of the Literature [3]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045857/
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References
- ↑ Zahodne, Laura B. and Fernandez, Hubert H. (2011) Full Text Curr. Treat. Options Neurol. 12 (3) 200 – 211. Parkinson’s Psychosis http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045857/
- ↑ Haq, Ihtsham U.; Foote, Kelly D.; Goodman, Wayne K.; Ricciuti, Nicola; Ward, Herbert; Sudhyadhom, Arhar; Jacobson, Charles E.; Siddiqui, Mustafa S. and Okun, Michael S. (2010) Full TextStereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 88 (5) 322 – 328.A Case of Mania following Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2969111/
- ↑ Chopra, Ami; Tye, Susannah J.; Lee, Kendall H.; Sampson, Shirlene; Matsumoto, Joseph; Adams, Andrea; Klassen, Bran; Stead, Matt; Fields, Julie A. and Frye, Mark A. (2012) Full TextJ. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 24 (1) 102 – 110. Underlying Neurobiology and Clinical Correlates of Mania Status-Post Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: A Review of the Literaturehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3570815/
Perceptual Problems
Agnosia
Redirected to Apraxia: ( To subpage for editing >> )
Difficulties in action or perception
(May include Agnosia -
Loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells)
This has been studied by:-
Goldenburg et al (1986) Impairment of motor planning in patients with Parkinson's disease: evidence from ideomotor apraxia testing. [1]
Jacobs, Jesse V. et al (2006)The supplementary motor area contributes to the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment during step initiation in participants with and without Parkinson’s disease [2]
Rohrer et al (2009) Apraxia in progressive nonfluent aphasia [3]
Liepelt-Scarfone et al (2011) Influence of Different Cut-Off Values on the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease [4]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Goldenberg, G.; Wimmer, A. Auff, E.; and Schnaberth, G. Daniela (1986) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg Psychiatry. 49 (11) 1266–1272. Impairment of motor planning in patients with Parkinson's disease: evidence from ideomotor apraxia testing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1029075/
- ↑ Jacobs, Jesse V.; Lou, Jau-Shin,; Kraakevik, Jeff A. and Horak, Fay, B. (2006) manuscript The supplementary motor area contributes to the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment during step initiation in participants with and without Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762010/
- ↑ Rohrer, Jonathan Daniel, Rossoy, Martin N. and Warren, Jason D.(2009) Full Text J.Neurol. 257 (4) 569 – 574 Apraxia in progressive nonfluent aphasia http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848723/
- ↑ Liepelt-Scarfone, Inga; Graeber, Susanne; Feseker Anne; Baysal, Gulsum, Godau, Jane; Gaenslen, Alexandra, Maetzler, Walter and Daniela Berg, Daniela (2011) Full Text Influence of Different Cut-Off Values on the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109363/
Block
Block
Resistance to thought or movement.
The following references are relevant:-
Brown and Marsden (1988) Internal versus external cues and the control of attention in Parkinson's Disease [1]
Morris et al (1988) Planning and spatial working memory in Parkinson's disease. [2]
Heindel et al (1989) Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory systems: a comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease patients [3]
Further Research
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- This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
References
- ↑ Brown, R.G. and Marsden, C.D. (1988) Abstract Brain 111 (2) 323 – 345 Internal versus external cues and the control of attention in Parkinson's Disease http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/111/2/323.short
- ↑ Morrris, R.G.; Downes, J.J.; Shakian, B.J.; Evenden, J.L.; Heald, A. and Robbins, T.W. (1988) Abstract J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 51 757 – 766. Planning and spatial working memory in Parkinson's disease. http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/51/6/757.abstract
- ↑ Heindl, W.C.; Salon, D.P.; Shults, C.W.; Walike, P.A. and Butters, N. (1989) Abstract The Journal of Neuroscience 9 (2) 582 – 58 Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory systems: a comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease patients http://www.jneurosci.org/content/9/2/582.short
Delusion
A fixed false belief that is resistant to reason or confrontation with actuality
The following references are relevant:-
Goldman (2011) New Thoughts on Thought Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: Review of Current Research Strategies and Challenges [1]
Fénelon et al (2012) Feeling of presence in Parkinson's disease [2]
Mack et al (2012) Prevalence of Psychotic Symptoms in a Community-Based Parkinson’s Disease Sample [3]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Goldman, Jennifer G. (2011) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 82 (11) 1219 – 1224 New Thoughts on Thought Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: Review of Current Research Strategies and Challenges http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049364/
- ↑ Fénelon, Gilles; Soulas, Thierry; De Langavant, Cleret, Laurent; Trinkler, Iris and Bachoud-Levi, Anne-Cathherine (2012) Full Text Feeling of presence in Parkinson's disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3382202/
- ↑ Mack, Joel; Rabins, Peter; Anderson, Karen; Goldstein, Susan; Grill, Stephen; Hirsch, Elaina S.; Lehmann, Susan; Little, John T.; Margolis, Russell L.; Palanci, Justin; Pontone, Gregory; Weiss, Howard; Williams, James R. and Marsh, Laura (2012) Full Text Prevalence of Psychotic Symptoms in a Community-Based Parkinson’s Disease Sample http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3168582/
Dementia
Abnormal progressive decline in cognitive function
See also Cognitive Impairment
The following references are relevant.
Leverenz et al, (2009) Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Patients with Parkinson Disease [1]
Johnson and Galvin (2011) Longitudinal Changes in Cognition in Parkinson's Disease with and without Dementia [2]
Weintraub et al (2011) Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease [3]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Leverenz, James B.; Quinn, Joseph F.; Zabetian, Cyrus;Zhang, Jing; Montine, Kathleen S. and Montine, Thomas J. (date) Full TextCurr. Top Med. Chem. 9 (10) 903 – 912. Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Patients with Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804995/
- ↑ Johnson, David K.; and Galvin, James E. (2011) Full Text Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 31 (2) 98 – 108. Longitudinal Changes in Cognition in Parkinson's Disease with and without Dementia http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3047760/
- ↑ Weintraub, Daniel; Doshi, Jimit; Koka, Deepthi’ Davatzikos, Christos; Siderowf, Andrew D.; Duda, John E.; Wolk, David A.; Moberg, Paul J.; Xie, Sharon X. and Clark, Christopher M. (2011) Full TextArch Neurol. 68 (12) 1562 – 1568. Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3290902/
Hallucination
An experience of something that does not exist outside the mind
The following references are relevant:-
Goetz et al (2010) Hallucinations and sleep disorders in PD [2]
Fenelon et al (2011) Feeling of presence in Parkinson's disease [3]
Bertram and Williams (2012) Visual hallucinations in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism [4]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/
- ↑ Goetz, Christopher G.; Ouyang, Bichun; Negrom, Alive and Stebbins, Glenn T. (1931) Full Text Neurology 75 (20) 1773 – 1779 Hallucinations and sleep disorders in PD http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995381/
- ↑ Fénelon, Gilles; Soulas, Thierry; De Langavant, Laurent Cleret; Trinklet, Iris and Bachoud-Lévi, Anne-Catherine (2011) Full TextJ. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 82 (11): 1219 – 1224. Feeling of presence in Parkinson's disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3382202/
- ↑ Bertram, Kelly and Williams, David R. (201) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 83 (4) 448 – 452 Visual hallucinations in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3297805/
Mad Hatter's Disease
Redirected to ( To subpage for editing >> )
Pathological irritability or sensitivity of an organ or a body part.
This symptom (also known as Mad Hatter's Disease is commonly associated with mercury toxicity, (prevalent in hat manufacture) which is itself a noted causal risk for PD.
The following references are relevant:-
Critchley (1981) Speech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review. [1]
Clarkson et al (2003) Human Exposure to Mercury: the Three Modern Dilemmas [2]
Liu et al (2012) Occupational Neurotoxic Diseasesin Taiwan[3]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Critchley, E.M. (1981) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 44 (9) 751 – 758. Spech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC491132/
- ↑ Clarkson, Thomas W.; Magos, Lazio and Myers, Gary J. font color="maroon">(2003) Abstract The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medecine. 15 321 – 343 Human Exposure to Mercury: the Three Modern Dilemmas http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jtra.10050/abstract
- ↑ Liu, Chi-Hung, Huang, Chi-Yun and Huang, Chin-Chang (2012) Abstract Safety and Health at Work 3 94) 257 – 267 Occupational Neurotoxic Diseasesin Taiwanhttp://synapse.koreamed.org/search.php?where=aview&id=10.5491/SHAW.2012.3.4.257&code=0193SHAW&vmode=FULL
Phantosmia
Hallucinatory smells.
The following references are relevant:-
Hirsch (2008) Parkinsonism: the hyposmia and phantosmia connection. [1]
Landis and Burkhard (2008) Phantosmias and Parkinson disease. [2]
Aiello and Hirsch (2013) Phantosmia as a meteorological forecaster.[3]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Hirsch A. (2008) Full text> Parkinsonism: the hyposmia and phantosmia connection. http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1033344
- ↑ Landis, B. N. and Burkhard, P. R. (2008) Abstract Arch Neurol. 2001237 - 1239. doi: Phantosmias and Parkinson disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18779429
- ↑ Aiello, S.R. and Hirsch, A.R. (2013) Abstract Int. J. Biometeorol. 2013 Mar 1. [Epub ahead of print]Phantosmia as a meteorological forecaster. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23456373
Attention/Memory
Aphrenia
Aphrenia: Stoppage of thought Redirected to Dementia: ( To subpage for editing >> )
Abnormal progressive decline in cognitive function
See also Cognitive Impairment
The following references are relevant.
Leverenz et al, (2009) Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Patients with Parkinson Disease [1]
Johnson and Galvin (2011) Longitudinal Changes in Cognition in Parkinson's Disease with and without Dementia [2]
Weintraub et al (2011) Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease [3]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Leverenz, James B.; Quinn, Joseph F.; Zabetian, Cyrus;Zhang, Jing; Montine, Kathleen S. and Montine, Thomas J. (date) Full TextCurr. Top Med. Chem. 9 (10) 903 – 912. Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Patients with Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804995/
- ↑ Johnson, David K.; and Galvin, James E. (2011) Full Text Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 31 (2) 98 – 108. Longitudinal Changes in Cognition in Parkinson's Disease with and without Dementia http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3047760/
- ↑ Weintraub, Daniel; Doshi, Jimit; Koka, Deepthi’ Davatzikos, Christos; Siderowf, Andrew D.; Duda, John E.; Wolk, David A.; Moberg, Paul J.; Xie, Sharon X. and Clark, Christopher M. (2011) Full TextArch Neurol. 68 (12) 1562 – 1568. Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3290902/
Apraxia
Difficulties in action or perception
(May include Agnosia -
Loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells)
This has been studied by:-
Goldenburg et al (1986) Impairment of motor planning in patients with Parkinson's disease: evidence from ideomotor apraxia testing. [1]
Jacobs, Jesse V. et al (2006)The supplementary motor area contributes to the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment during step initiation in participants with and without Parkinson’s disease [2]
Rohrer et al (2009) Apraxia in progressive nonfluent aphasia [3]
Liepelt-Scarfone et al (2011) Influence of Different Cut-Off Values on the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease [4]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Goldenberg, G.; Wimmer, A. Auff, E.; and Schnaberth, G. Daniela (1986) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg Psychiatry. 49 (11) 1266–1272. Impairment of motor planning in patients with Parkinson's disease: evidence from ideomotor apraxia testing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1029075/
- ↑ Jacobs, Jesse V.; Lou, Jau-Shin,; Kraakevik, Jeff A. and Horak, Fay, B. (2006) manuscript The supplementary motor area contributes to the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment during step initiation in participants with and without Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762010/
- ↑ Rohrer, Jonathan Daniel, Rossoy, Martin N. and Warren, Jason D.(2009) Full Text J.Neurol. 257 (4) 569 – 574 Apraxia in progressive nonfluent aphasia http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848723/
- ↑ Liepelt-Scarfone, Inga; Graeber, Susanne; Feseker Anne; Baysal, Gulsum, Godau, Jane; Gaenslen, Alexandra, Maetzler, Walter and Daniela Berg, Daniela (2011) Full Text Influence of Different Cut-Off Values on the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109363/
Bradyphrenia
Slowness of thought.
The following references are relevant:-
Aarsland et al (2009) Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease [1]
Goldman and Litvan (2011) Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease [2]
Oluladanola et al (2012) Frequency of cognitive impairment and depression in Parkinson's disease: A preliminary case-control study [3]
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References
- ↑ Aarsland,D,; L and Schrag,, A. (2009) Full Text Mov. Disord. 24 (15) 2175 – 2186 Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2787875/
- ↑ Goldman, J.G. and Litvan, I . (2011) Full Text Minerva Med. 102 (6))441 -459 Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3370887/
- ↑ Oluwadamilola O. Ojo, Njideka, Oo; Okubadejo, U.; Ojini, Frank I. and Danesi, Mustapha A. (2012) Full TextNiger. Med. J. 53 (2) 65 – 70 Frequency of cognitive impairment and depression in Parkinson's disease: A preliminary case-control study http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3530250/
Cognitive Impairment
Problems with mental processes such as thinking, learning and judging
See also Dementia
The folllowing references are relevant.
Goldman and Litvan (2011) Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease[1]
Litvan et al(2011) MDS Task Force on Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Critical Review of PD-MCI[2]
Weintrub et al (2011) Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease [3]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Goldman, J.G. and Litvan, I.(2011) Full TextMinerva Med. 102 (6) 441 – 45>Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3370887/
- ↑ Litvan, I.; D Aarsland, D.; Adler, C. H.; Goldman, J. G.; Kulisevsky, J.; Mollenhauer, B.; Rodriguez-Oroz, M. C.; AI Tröster, Al and D Weintraub, D. (2011) Full TextMov. Disord. 26 (10) 1814 – 1824. MDS Task Force on Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Critical Review of PD-MCI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181006/
- ↑ Weintrub, Daniel; Doshi, Jimit;Koka, Deepth; Davatzikos, Christos; Diderowf, Andrew D.; Duda, John E.; Wolk, David, Moberg, Paul J.; Xie, Sharon X. and Clark, Christopher M.(2011) Full TextArch. Neurol. 68 (12) 1562 – 1568. Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3290902/
Tachyphrenia
Rapid thought
The following references are relevant:-
Leverentz et al (2009) Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Patients with Parkinson Disease [1]
Weintraub et al (2011) Patterns and Trends in Antipsychotic Prescribing for Parkinson Disease Psychosis [2]
Willis et al (2012) Predictors of Survival in Parkinson Disease [3]
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References
- ↑ Leverentz, James B.;Quinn, Joseph F.; Zabetian, Cyrus; Zhang, Jing; Montine, Kathleen S. and Montine, Thomas J. (2009) Full Text Curr. Top Med. Chem. 9 (10) 903 – 912 Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Patients with Parkinson Disease </ii> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804995/
- ↑ Wetntraub, Daniel; Chen, Peijun; Ignacio, Rosalinda V.; Mamikonyan, Eugenia and Kales, Helen C. (2011) Full Text Arch. Neurol. 68 (7) 899 – 904 Patterns and Trends in Antipsychotic Prescribing for Parkinson Disease Psychosis http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141727/
- ↑ Willis, Alison W,; Schootmann, Mario; Evanoff, Bradley A.; Perlmutter, Joel S. and Racette, Brad A. (2012) Full Text Arch Neurol. 69 (5) 601 – 607 Predictors of Survival in Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3599783/
Gastrointestinal
Bulimia
Violent or insatiable appetite
The following references are relevant:-
Rosenberg et al (1977) Increased appetite (bulimia) in Parkinson's disease. [1]
Burkhard et al (2008) Impulse control disorders and Parkinson's disease. [2]
Zahodne et al (2011) Binge eating in Parkinson's disease: prevalence, correlates and the contribution of deep brain stimulation. [3]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Rosenberg, P.; Herishanu, Y,. and Beilin, B. (1977) Abstract J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 25 (6) 277 – 278 Increased appetite (bulimia) in Parkinson's disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/266536
- ↑ Burkhard, P.R.; Catalano-Chiuvé, S.; Gronchi-Perrin, A. Berney, A.; Vingerhoets, F.J. and Lüscher, C. (2008) Abstract Rev. Suisse Med. 4 (156) 1145 – 1150 Impulse control disorders and Parkinson’s disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18630168
- ↑ Zahodne, L.B.; Susatia, F,.; Bowers. D.; Ong T.L.; Jacobson, C.E. 4th.; Okun, M.S.; Rodriguez, R.L.; Malaty, I.A.; Foote, K.D. and Fernandez, H.H. (2011) Abstract J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 23 (1):56 - 62. Binge eating in Parkinson's disease: prevalence, correlates and the contribution of deep brain stimulation.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304139
Constipation
Decreased ability of intestinal muscles to move stool through the bowels
Gao et al (2011) A Prospective Study of Bowel Movement Frequency and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease [1]
Forsyth et al (2011) Increased Intestinal Permeability Correlates with Sigmoid Mucosa alpha-Synuclein Staining and Endotoxin Exposure Markers in Early Parkinson's Disease [2]
Wang et al (2013) Early recognition of pelvic floor dyssynergia and colorectal assessment in Parkinson's disease associated with bowel dysfunction. [3]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Gao, Xiang; Chen, Honglei; Schwarzchild, Michael and Ascherio, Alberto (2011) Full Text Am. J. Epidemiol. 174 (5) 546 – 551. A Prospective Study of Bowel Movement Frequency and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3202149/
- ↑ Forsyth, Christopher B.; Shannon, Kathleen M.; Kordower, Jeffrey H.; Voigt, Robin M.; Shaikh, Maliha; Jaglin, Jean A.; Eates, Jacob D. and Dodiva, Hemraj B.(2011) Full Text PLoS One. 2011; 6(12): e28032. Increased Intestinal Permeability Correlates with Sigmoid Mucosa alpha-Synuclein Staining and Endotoxin Exposure Markers in Early Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228722/
- ↑ Wang, C. P.; Sung, W.H.; Wang, C. C. and Tsai, P. Y. color="maroon">(2013) Full Text Colorectal Dis.2013.1111/codi.12105. [Epub ahead of print] Early recognition of pelvic floor dyssynergia and colorectal assessment in Parkinson's disease associated with bowel dysfunction. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23320499
Sexual Functions
Algolagnia
Redirected to Hypersexuality: Hypersexuality
Excessive sexual activity
(Related symptoms: Satyriasis, Sadomachism)
The following references are relevant:-
Witjas et al (2012) Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease. [1]
Politis et al (2013) Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease. [2]
Pereira et al (2013) Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice. [3]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Witjas, T.; Eusebio, A.; Fluchère, F. and Azulay, J.P. (2012) Full Text Rev. Neurol. (Paris). 168 (8-9) 624 - 633. Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921247
- ↑ Politis, M.; Loane, C.; Wu, K.; O'Sullivan, S.S.; Woodhead, Z.; Kiferle, L.; Lawrence, A.D.; Lees, A.J. and Piccini, P. (2013) Full Text Brain. 136 (Pt 2) 400 -411.Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23378222
- ↑ Pereira, B.; Llorca, P.M.; Durif, F.; Brousse, G.; Blanc, O.; Rieu, I.; Derost, P.; Ulla, M.; Debilly, B. and de Chazeron, I. (2013) Full Text Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 19 (2) 242 - 246. Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23176749
Hypersexuality
Excessive sexual activity
(Related symptoms: Satyriasis, Sadomachism)
The following references are relevant:-
Witjas et al (2012) Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease. [1]
Politis et al (2013) Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease. [2]
Pereira et al (2013) Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice. [3]
Further Research
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Literature search:
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References
- ↑ Witjas, T.; Eusebio, A.; Fluchère, F. and Azulay, J.P. (2012) Full Text Rev. Neurol. (Paris). 168 (8-9) 624 - 633. Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921247
- ↑ Politis, M.; Loane, C.; Wu, K.; O'Sullivan, S.S.; Woodhead, Z.; Kiferle, L.; Lawrence, A.D.; Lees, A.J. and Piccini, P. (2013) Full Text Brain. 136 (Pt 2) 400 -411.Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23378222
- ↑ Pereira, B.; Llorca, P.M.; Durif, F.; Brousse, G.; Blanc, O.; Rieu, I.; Derost, P.; Ulla, M.; Debilly, B. and de Chazeron, I. (2013) Full Text Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 19 (2) 242 - 246. Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23176749
Sadomasochism
Excessive sexual activity
(Related symptoms: Satyriasis, Sadomachism)
The following references are relevant:-
Witjas et al (2012) Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease. [1]
Politis et al (2013) Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease. [2]
Pereira et al (2013) Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice. [3]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
- Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Hypersexuality .
- This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
References
- ↑ Witjas, T.; Eusebio, A.; Fluchère, F. and Azulay, J.P. (2012) Full Text Rev. Neurol. (Paris). 168 (8-9) 624 - 633. Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921247
- ↑ Politis, M.; Loane, C.; Wu, K.; O'Sullivan, S.S.; Woodhead, Z.; Kiferle, L.; Lawrence, A.D.; Lees, A.J. and Piccini, P. (2013) Full Text Brain. 136 (Pt 2) 400 -411.Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23378222
- ↑ Pereira, B.; Llorca, P.M.; Durif, F.; Brousse, G.; Blanc, O.; Rieu, I.; Derost, P.; Ulla, M.; Debilly, B. and de Chazeron, I. (2013) Full Text Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 19 (2) 242 - 246. Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23176749
Satyriasis
Excessive sexual activity
(Related symptoms: Satyriasis, Sadomachism)
The following references are relevant:-
Witjas et al (2012) Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease. [1]
Politis et al (2013) Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease. [2]
Pereira et al (2013) Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice. [3]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
- Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Hypersexuality .
- This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
References
- ↑ Witjas, T.; Eusebio, A.; Fluchère, F. and Azulay, J.P. (2012) Full Text Rev. Neurol. (Paris). 168 (8-9) 624 - 633. Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921247
- ↑ Politis, M.; Loane, C.; Wu, K.; O'Sullivan, S.S.; Woodhead, Z.; Kiferle, L.; Lawrence, A.D.; Lees, A.J. and Piccini, P. (2013) Full Text Brain. 136 (Pt 2) 400 -411.Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23378222
- ↑ Pereira, B.; Llorca, P.M.; Durif, F.; Brousse, G.; Blanc, O.; Rieu, I.; Derost, P.; Ulla, M.; Debilly, B. and de Chazeron, I. (2013) Full Text Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 19 (2) 242 - 246. Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23176749
Miscellaneous
Aphonia
Aphonia: Inability to make sounds. ( To subpage for editing >> )
Inability to make sounds
The following references are relevant:-
Critchley (1981) Speech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review [1]
Russell et al (2010) Targeted exercise therapy for voice and swallow in persons with Parkinson’s disease [2]
Hallett (2011) Psychogenic Parkinsonism [3]
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References
- ↑ Critchley, E,M, (1981) Full TextJ. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 44 (9) 751 – 758 Speech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC491132/
- ↑ Russell, John A.; Ciucci, Michelle, R.; Connor, Nadine P. and Schallert, Timothy(2010) Full TextBrain Res. 1341 : 3 – 11. Targeted exercise therapy for voice and swallow in persons with Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908992/
- ↑ Hallett, Mark (2011) Full TextJ. Neurol. Sci. 310 (1-2) 163 – 165 Psychogenic Parkinsonism http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139799/
Drooling
Redirected to Sialorrhoea ( To subpage for editing >> )
Increased salivation
Alternative term:- Drooling
The following references are relevant:-
Kalf et al (2009) Prevalence and definition of drooling in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review [1]
Bloem et al (2009) Debilitating consequences of drooling [2]
Kalf et al (2011) Diurnal and nocturnal drooling in Parkinson’s disease[3]
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References
- ↑ Kalf, J.G.; de Swart, B.J.; Borm, G.F.; Bloem, B.R. and Munneke, M. (2009) Full TextJ. Neurol. 256 (9) 1391 – 1396Prevalence and definition of drooling in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2733191/
- ↑ Bloem, B,R,; Kalf, J.G.; van de Kerkhof, P.C.M. and Zwarts, M.J. (2009) Full TextJ. Neurol. 256 (8) 1382 – 1383Debilitating consequences of drooling http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2721959/
- ↑ Kalf, J.G.; Bloem, B.R. and Munneke, M. (2011) Full TextJ. Neurol. 259 (1) 119 – 123 Diurnal and nocturnal drooling in Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3251785/
Dysarthria
Speech difficulties due to impairment of the muscles associated with vocalization.
The following references are relevant:-
MacPherson et al (2011) The Intonation-Syntax Interface in the Speech of Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease[1]
Skodda (2012) Effect of Deep Brain Stimulation on Speech Performance in Parkinson's Disease [2]
Walsh and Smith (2011) Linguistic Complexity, Speech Production, and Comprehension in Parkinson’s Disease: Behavioral and Physiological Indices [3]
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References
- ↑ MacPherson, Megan K.; Huber, Jessica E. and Snow, David P.(2011) Full TextJ. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 54 (1) 10 – 32 The Intonation-Syntax Interface in the Speech of Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3441058/
- ↑ Skodda, Sabine (2012) Full TextParkinsons Dis. 2012: 85059 Effect of Deep Brain Stimulation on Speech Performance in Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3512320/
- ↑ Walsh, Bridget and Smith, Anne (date) Full TextJ. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 54 (3) 787 – 802 Linguistic Complexity, Speech Production, and Comprehension in Parkinson’s Disease: Behavioral and Physiological Indices http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3418801/
Dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing.
See also Aphagia
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References
Dysphasia
Difficulty in speaking
The following references are relevant:-
Colman et al (2011) Sentence Comprehension and Its Association with Executive Functions in Patients with Parkinson's Disease [1]
Baylor et al (2012) A qualitative study of interference with communicative participation across communication disorders in adults [2]</ref>
Fox et al(2012) LSVT LOUD and LSVT BIG: Behavioral Treatment Programs for Speech and Body Movement in Parkinson Disease [3]
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References
- ↑ Colman, Katrien S.F.’ Koerts, Janneke; Stowe, Laurie A.; Leenders, Klaus L. and Basiaanse, Roelien (2011) Full Text Parkinsons Dis. 2011; 2011: 213983. Sentence Comprehension and Its Association with Executive Functions in Patients with Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3202107/
- ↑ Baylor, Caroline; Burns, Michael; Eadie, Tanya; Britton, Deanna and Yorkston, Kathryn (2012) Full Text Am. J. Speech Lang Pathol. (20) (4) 269 – 287 A qualitative study of interference with communicative participation across communication disorders in adults http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3296484/
- ↑ Fox, Cynthis; Ebersbach, Georg; Ramig, Lorraine and Sapir, Shimon. (2012) Full Text Parkinsons Dis. 2012; 2012: 391946. LSVT LOUD and LSVT BIG: Behavioral Treatment Programs for Speech and Body Movement in Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3316992/
Echolalia
Forced repetition of someone’s words
The following references are relevant:-
Critchley (1981) Speech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review. [1]
Dierckx et al (1991) Evolution of technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT and brain mapping in a patient presenting with echolalia and palilalia. [2]
Ghika et al (1996) “”Echoing approval": a new speech disorder.[3]
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References
- ↑ Critchley, E. M. (date) Full Text Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 44 (9) 751–758. Speech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC491132/
- ↑ Dierckx, R. A.; Saerens, J.; De Deyn, P.P.; Verseigers, W.; Marien, P. and Vandevivere, J. (1991) Abstract J. Nucl. Med. 32 (8) 1619 – 1621 Evolution of technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT and brain mapping in a patient presenting with echolalia and palilalia. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1869990
- ↑ Ghika, J.; Bogpuslavsky, J.; Ghika-Schmidt, F. and Regli, F. (1996) Abstract J. Neurol. 3 (9) 633 – 637 "Echoing approval": a new speech disorder. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8892063
Erethism
Pathological irritability or sensitivity of an organ or a body part.
This symptom (also known as Mad Hatter's Disease is commonly associated with mercury toxicity, (prevalent in hat manufacture) which is itself a noted causal risk for PD.
The following references are relevant:-
Critchley (1981) Speech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review. [1]
Clarkson et al (2003) Human Exposure to Mercury: the Three Modern Dilemmas [2]
Liu et al (2012) Occupational Neurotoxic Diseasesin Taiwan[3]
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References
- ↑ Critchley, E.M. (1981) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 44 (9) 751 – 758. Spech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC491132/
- ↑ Clarkson, Thomas W.; Magos, Lazio and Myers, Gary J. font color="maroon">(2003) Abstract The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medecine. 15 321 – 343 Human Exposure to Mercury: the Three Modern Dilemmas http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jtra.10050/abstract
- ↑ Liu, Chi-Hung, Huang, Chi-Yun and Huang, Chin-Chang (2012) Abstract Safety and Health at Work 3 94) 257 – 267 Occupational Neurotoxic Diseasesin Taiwanhttp://synapse.koreamed.org/search.php?where=aview&id=10.5491/SHAW.2012.3.4.257&code=0193SHAW&vmode=FULL
Hypophonia
Reduced vocal force
The following references are relevant:-
Russell et al (2010) Targeted exercise therapy for voice and swallow in persons with Parkinson’s disease [1]
Hammer et al (2010) Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation changes speech respiratory and laryngeal control in Parkinson's disease [2]
Darling and Huber (2011) Changes to Articulatory Kinematics in Response to Loudness Cues in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease [3]
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References
- ↑ Rusell, John A.; Ciucci, Michelle R.; Connor, Nadine P. and Schallert, Timothy (2010) Full TextBrain Res. 1341 3 – 11. Targeted exercise therapy for voice and swallow in persons with Parkinson’s disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908992/
- ↑ Hammer, Michal J.; Barlow, Stephen M.; Lyons, Kelly E. and Pahwa, Rajesh (2010) Full TextJ. Neurol. 257 (10) 1692 – 1702. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation changes speech respiratory and laryngeal control in Parkinson's disease. </>http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3014054/
- ↑ Darling, Meghan and Huber, Jessica E.(2011) Full TextJ. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 54 (5) 1247 – 1259. Changes to Articulatory Kinematics in Response to Loudness Cues in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3433496/
Mydriasis
Dilated pupils.
The following references are relevant:-
Bitsios et al (1998) Comparison of the effects of moclobemide and selegiline on tyramine-evoked mydriasis in man [1]
Mojunder and Wensel (2009) Topical Mydriatics Affect Light-Evoked Retinal Responses in Anesthetized Mice [2]
Armstrong (2011) Visual Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease [3]
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References
- ↑ Bitsios, P.; Langley, R.W.; Tavernor, S.; Pykko, K.; Scheinin, M; Szabadi, S. and Bradshaw, C.M. (1998) Full Text Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 45 (6) 551 – 558. Comparison of the effects of moclobemide and selegiline on tyramine-evoked mydriasis in man http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1873648/
- ↑ Mojunder, Deb Kumr and Wensel, Theodore G.; (2009) Full Text Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51 (1) 567 – 576. Topical Mydriatics Affect Light-Evoked Retinal Responses in Anesthetized Mice http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2869068/
- ↑ Armstrong, R.A. (2011) Full Text Parkinsons Dis.; 2011: 908306. Visual Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109513/
Olfactory dysfunction
Olfactory dysfunction
A reduced or impaired ability to detect odors.
The following references are relevant:-
Hoyles and Sharma (2013) Olfactory loss as a supporting feature in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: a pragmatic approach[1]
Takeda (2013) Severe olfactory dysfunction is a predictor of dementia with Parkinson’s disease[2]
Hüttenbrink et al (2013) Olfactory dysfunction: common in later life and early warning of neurodegenerative disease [3]
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References
- ↑ Hoyles, K. and Shama, (2013) Full Text J.C. J. Neurol. (Feb. 3) Olfactory loss as a supporting feature in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: a pragmatic approach. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23377435
- ↑ Takeda,A. (2013) Full Text Rinsho Shinkeigaku 53 (2) 91 – 97 Severe olfactory dysfunction is a predictor of dementia with Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23470887
- ↑ Hüttenbrink. K.B.; Hummel.T.; Berg, D; Gasser, T. and Hähner,A. (2013) Full TextDtsch. Arztebl. Int. 110 (1-2) 1 – 7 Olfactory dysfunction: common in later life and early warning of neurodegenerative disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450985
Ophthalmoplegia
Paralysis of gaze.
The following references are relevant:-
Guiloff et al (1980)Reversible supranuclear ophthalmoplegia associated with Parkinsonism [1]
Armstrong (2011)Visual signs and symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy. [2]
Pontieri et al (2012) Sad and happy facial emotion recognition impairment in progressive supranuclear palsy in comparison with Parkinson's disease[3]
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References
- ↑ Guiloff, R.J.; Geirge, R.J. and Marsden, C.D.(1980) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 43 (6) 552 – 554 Reversible supranuclear ophthalmoplegia associated with Parkinsonism http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC490600/
- ↑ Armstrong, R.A. (2011) Full TextClin. Exp. Optom. 94 (2) 150 – 160 Visual signs and symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20629667
- ↑ Pontieri, F.E.; Assogna, F.; Stefani, A.; Pierantozzi, M.; Meco, G.; Benincasa, D.; Colosimo, C.; Caltagirone, C. and Spalletta, G.(2012) AbstractParkinsonism Relat. Disord.18 (7) 871 -875 Sad and happy facial emotion recognition impairment in progressive supranuclear palsy in comparison with Parkinson's disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22595619
Palilalia
Forced repetition of one’s own words
The following references are relevant:-
Ackermann et al (1989) Palilalia as a symptom of levodopa induced hyperkinesia in Parkinson's disease.[1]
Anderson et al (1999) Developmental stuttering and Parkinson's disease: the effects of levodopa treatment [2]
Benke et al (2000) Repetitive speech phenomena in Parkinson's disease [3]
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References
- ↑ Ackermann, H; Ziegler, W. and Oerte, W. H.J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1989 Ju)Palilalia as a symptom of levodopa induced hyperkinesia in Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1032047/
- ↑ Anderson, J.; Hughes, J.; Rothi, L.; Crucian, L. and Crucian, K. (1981) Full TextJ. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 66 (6) 776 – 778 Developmental stuttering and Parkinson's disease: the effects of levodopa treatmenthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736378/
- ↑ Benke, T.; Hohenstein, C.; Poewe, W. and Butterworth, B. (2000) Full TextJ. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 69 (3) 319 – 324. Repetitive speech phenomena in Parkinson's diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1737094/
Paraesthesia
Sensations arising spontaneously in a limb or other part of the body, e,g."pins and needles" or fluctuations of warmth or coldness.
The following references are relevant:-
Fuentes et al (2010) Restoration of locomotive function in Parkinson’s disease by spinal cord stimulation: mechanistic approach [1]
Varanese et al(2010) Treatment of Advanced Parkinson's Disease [2]
Ahlskog (2010) Seniors with Parkinson's Disease: Initial Medical Treatment [3]
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References
- ↑ Fuentes, Romulo; Petersson, Per and Peterson, Miguel (2010) Full TextEur. J. Neurosci. 32 (7) 1100 –1 108. Restoration of locomotive function in Parkinson’s disease by spinal cord stimulation: mechanistic approach http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2998915/
- ↑ Varanese et al ,Sara: Birnbaum, Zoe; Rossi, Roger and Di Rocco, Alessandro (2010) Full TextParkinsons Dis. 2010: 480260. Treatment of Advanced Parkinson's Diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3238088/
- ↑ Ahlskog, J. Eric (2010) Full TextJ. Clin. Neurol. 6 (4) 159 – 166.Seniors with Parkinson's Disease: Initial Medical Treatmenthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3024520/
Perseveration
Abnormal continuation or repetition of nervous processes.
The following references are relevant:-
Rutledge et al (2009) Dopaminergic Drugs Modulate Learning Rates and Perseveration in Parkinson’s Patients in a Dynamic Foraging Task [1]
Weintraub et al (2012) Alzheimer's disease pattern of brain atrophy predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease [2]
Pagonabarraga et al (2013) Pattern of Regional Cortical Thinning Associated with Cognitive Deterioration in Parkinson’s Disease [3]
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References
- ↑ Rutledhe, Robb B.; Lazzaro, Stephanie C.: Lau, Brian; Myers, Catherine E: Gluck, Mark A. and Glincher, Paul (2009) Full TextJ. Neurosci. 29 (48) 15104 – 15114. Dopaminergic Drugs Modulate Learning Rates and Perseveration in Parkinson’s Patients in a Dynamic Foraging Taskhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3376711/
- ↑ Weintraub, Daniel: Dietz, Nicole: Duda, John E.; Wolk, David A.; Doshi, Jimit; Xie, Sharon X.: Davatzikos, Christos, Clark, Christopher M. and Siderowf, Andrew (2012) Full TextBrain 135 (1) 170 – 180 Alzheimer's disease pattern of brain atrophy predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson's diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3316476/
- ↑ Pagonabarraga, Javier; Corcuera-Solano, Idoia; VivesGilabert, Yolanda; Llebaria, Gisela; Garcia-Sanchez, Carmen; Pascual-Sedano, Berta; Delfino, Manuel¨Kulisevsky and Gomez-Anson, Beatriz (2013) Full Text PLoS One. 2013; 8(1): e54980. Pattern of Regional Cortical Thinning Associated with Cognitive Deterioration in Parkinson’s Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554657 /
Sialorrhoea
Increased salivation
Alternative term:- Drooling
The following references are relevant:-
Kalf et al (2009) Prevalence and definition of drooling in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review [1]
Bloem et al (2009) Debilitating consequences of drooling [2]
Kalf et al (2011) Diurnal and nocturnal drooling in Parkinson’s disease[3]
Further Research
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References
- ↑ Kalf, J.G.; de Swart, B.J.; Borm, G.F.; Bloem, B.R. and Munneke, M. (2009) Full TextJ. Neurol. 256 (9) 1391 – 1396Prevalence and definition of drooling in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2733191/
- ↑ Bloem, B,R,; Kalf, J.G.; van de Kerkhof, P.C.M. and Zwarts, M.J. (2009) Full TextJ. Neurol. 256 (8) 1382 – 1383Debilitating consequences of drooling http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2721959/
- ↑ Kalf, J.G.; Bloem, B.R. and Munneke, M. (2011) Full TextJ. Neurol. 259 (1) 119 – 123 Diurnal and nocturnal drooling in Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3251785/
Strabismus
Divergent squint of the eyes
(See also Exotropia = Outward divergence and Esotropia = Inward Divergence. Also Tic)
The following references are relevant:-
Rascol et al (1991) Square wave jerks in parkinsonian syndromes[1]
Scoditti, et al (1993) Peroneal muscular atrophy with parkinsonism, ptosis, and congenital strabismus. [2]
Almer et al (2011) Ocular Motor and Sensory Function in Parkinson Disease [3]
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References
- ↑ Rascol, O.; Sabatini, U.; Siminetta-Moreau, M.; Montatruc J.L.; Rascol, A. and Clanet, M. (1991) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 54 (7) 599 – 602. Square wave jerks in parkinsonian syndromes.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1014429/
- ↑ Scoditti, U.; Gemighnanai, F.; Colonna, F.; Ludovico, L. and Bettoni,(1993) Full Text L. Acta Neurol. Scand. 88 (4) 251 -253 Peroneal muscular atrophy with parkinsonism, ptosis, and congenital strabismus http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8256567
- ↑ Almer, Zina; Klein, Katheine S.; Marsh, Laura; Gerstenhaber, Melissa and Repka, Michael X. (2011) Full Text Ophthalmology. 119 (1) 178 – 182. Ocular Motor and Sensory Function in Parkinson Diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3251710/
References, main page
- ↑ Chaudhuri, Ray K.; Rojo, J.M.; Schapira, A.H.; Brooks, D.J.; Stocchi,F.; Odin, P.; Antonini, A.; Brown, R.J. and Martinez-Martin, P (2013) Full Text PLoS One 2013 8 (2) A proposal for a comprehensive grading of Parkinson's disease severity combining motor and non-motor assessments: meeting an unmet need. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584126/
- ↑ Jain, Samay, and David S. Goldstein. Cardiovascular Dysautonomia in Parkinson Disease: From Pathophysiology to Pathogenesis. Neurobiology of Disease 46, no. 3 (June 2012): 572–580. Full Text PubMed Central http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299874/