Parkinson's Symptoms/C
< Parkinson's SymptomsThe A-Z of Parkinson's Symptoms C
Catalepsy (timelss, tireless, effortless maintenance of postures)
Tireless, timeless , effortless maintenance of postures.
The following references are relevant:-
Azam et al (2010) Design, synthesis and anti-Parkinsonian evaluation of 3-alkyl/aryl-8-(furan-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine-2(3H)-thiones against neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and oxidative stress in mice.[1]
Nayebi et al (2010) Buspirone improves 6-hydroxydopamine-induced catalepsy through stimulation of nigral 5-HT(1A) receptors in rats. [2]
Mahmoudi et al (2011) Buspirone improves the anti-cataleptic effect of levodopa in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. [3]
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References
- ↑ Azam, F.; El-gnidi BA.; Alkskas, I.A. and Ahmed, M.A. (2010) AbstractJ. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 25 (6) 818 – 826. Design, synthesis and anti-Parkinsonian evaluation of 3-alkyl/aryl-8-(furan-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine-2(3H)-thiones against neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and oxidative stress in mice. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20429782
- ↑ Nayebi, A.M.; Rad, S.R.; Saberian, M.; Azimzadeh, S. and Samini, M.(2010) Abstract Pharmacol. Rep. 62 92) 258 – 264 Buspirone improves 6-hydroxydopamine-induced catalepsy through stimulation of nigral 5-HT(1A) receptors in rats. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20508280
- ↑ Mahmoudi, J.; Nayebi, A.M.; Samini, M.; Reyhani-Rad, S.; and Babapour, V. (2011) Abstract Pharmacol. Rep. 63 (4) 908 – 914. Buspirone improves the anti-cataleptic effect of levodopa in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22001978
Catatonia (holding of statuesque post ures)
Catatonia Holding of statuesque postures
The following references are relevant:-
Northoff et al (1997) Glutamatergic dysfunction in catatonia? Successful treatment of three acute akinetic catatonic patients with the NMDA antagonist amantadine. [1]
Bhati et al(2007) Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Empirical Treatments for Catatonia [2]
Carroll et al(2007) Katatonia - A New Conceptual Understanding of Catatonia and a New Rating Scale [3]
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References
- ↑ Northoff, G.; Eckert, J. and Fritze, J. (1997) Full text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 62 (4) 404 – 406. > Glutamatergic dysfunction in catatonia? Successful treatment of three acute akinetic catatonic patients with the NMDA antagonist amantadine. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1074105/
- ↑ Bhati, Mahendra T. Catherine J. and O'Reardon, John P. (2007) Full Text Psychiatry (Edgmont). 4 (3) 46–52. Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Empirical Treatments for Catatonia http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922358/
- ↑ Carrol, Brendan T.; Kirkhart, Rob: Ahuia, Niraj; Soovere, Ilo; Lauterbach, Edward C.; Dhossche, Dirk and Talbert, Rebecca. (2007) Full Text Psychiatry (Edgmont). 4 (3) 46 – 52. Katatonia - A New Conceptual Understanding of Catatonia and a New Rating Scale. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2729619/
Chorea (involuntary, desultory flickering movement)
Involuntary, desultory flickering movement.
The following references are relevant:-
Barbeau et al (1965) Fingerprint Patterns in Huntington's Chorea and Parkinson's Disease [1]
Reuter et al (2000) Late onset levodopa responsive Huntington's disease with minimal chorea masquerading as Parkinson plus syndrome [2]
Ciammola et al (2011) Atypical Parkinsonism Revealing a Late Onset, Rigid and Akinetic Form of Huntington's Disease [3]
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References
- ↑ Barbeau, Andre; Trudeau, Jean-Guy and Coiteux, Carl (1965) Full Text Can. Med. Assoc. J. ; 92 (10): 514 – 516. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1928158/
- ↑ Reuter, I.; Hu, M.; Andrews, T.; Brooks, D.; Clough, C. and Chaudhuri, K. (2000) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 68 (2) 238 – 241. Late onset levodopa responsive Huntington's disease with minimal chorea masquerading as Parkinson plus syndrome http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736772/
- ↑ Ciammola, A.; Sassone, J.; Poletti, B.; Menacacci, N.; Benti, R. and Silani,, V. (2011) Full Text Case Report Neurol. Med. 2011 696053. Atypical Parkinsonism Revealing a Late Onset, Rigid and Akinetic Form of Huntington's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420516/
Choreoathetosis (iinvoluntary, jerky, snake-like movement, udually of the arms)
Involuntary jerky snake-like movements usually of the arms.
The following references are relevant:-
Teräväinen and Calne (1980) Action tremor in Parkinson’s disease [1]
Bhidayasiri and Truong,(2004) Chorea and related disorders [2]
Perkovic et al (2010) Sildenafil induced choreoathetosis in men with Parkinson's disease.[3]
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References
- ↑ H Teräväinen, H. and Calne, (1980) Full Text D.B. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 43(3) 257 – 263 Action tremor in Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC490518 /
- ↑ Bhidayasiri, R, and Truong, D. (2004) Full Text Postgrad. Med. J. 80 (947) 527 – 534. Chorea and related disorders http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1743104/
- ↑ Perkovic. O.; Vitezic, D.; Rudez, J.; Vitezic, M.; Kovacevic, M.; Mrsic-Pelcic, J.; Ljubicic, D. and Jurjevic ,A.(2010) AbstractInt. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.. 48 (1) 76 – 78. Sildenafil induced choreoathetosis in men with Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040342
Clonus (vibrato-like reaction to forced muscle stretching)
Vibrato-like reaction to forced muscle stretching.
The following references are relevant:-
Hofmann (1962) Observations on peripheral servo mechanisms in Parkinsonian rigidity [1]
Burke et al (1972) Tonic vibration reflex in spasticity, Parkinson's disease, and normal subjects [2]
Findley et al (1981) Tremor, the cogwheel phenomenon and clonus in Parkinson's disease [3]
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References
- ↑ Hofmann, William Ward .J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 25 (3) 203 – 207. (1962) Full Text Observations on peripheral servo mechanisms in Parkinsonian rigidity http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC495444/
- ↑ Burke, David; Andrews,Colin J. and James W.(1972)Full TextTonic vibration reflex in spasticity, Parkinson's disease, and normal subjectshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC494108/
- ↑ Findley, L.J.; Grety, M.A. and Halmagy, G.M.(1981)Full TextTremor, the cogwheel phenomenon and clonus in Parkinson's disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC491035/
Cognitive Impairment
Problems with mental processes such as thinking, learning and judging
See also Dementia
The folllowing references are relevant.
Goldman and Litvan (2011) Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease[1]
Litvan et al(2011) MDS Task Force on Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Critical Review of PD-MCI[2]
Weintrub et al (2011) Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease [3]
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References
- ↑ Goldman, J.G. and Litvan, I.(2011) Full TextMinerva Med. 102 (6) 441 – 45>Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3370887/
- ↑ Litvan, I.; D Aarsland, D.; Adler, C. H.; Goldman, J. G.; Kulisevsky, J.; Mollenhauer, B.; Rodriguez-Oroz, M. C.; AI Tröster, Al and D Weintraub, D. (2011) Full TextMov. Disord. 26 (10) 1814 – 1824. MDS Task Force on Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Critical Review of PD-MCI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181006/
- ↑ Weintrub, Daniel; Doshi, Jimit;Koka, Deepth; Davatzikos, Christos; Diderowf, Andrew D.; Duda, John E.; Wolk, David, Moberg, Paul J.; Xie, Sharon X. and Clark, Christopher M.(2011) Full TextArch. Neurol. 68 (12) 1562 – 1568. Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3290902/
Cogwheel rigidity
Cogwheel rigidity
Stiffness in the muscles, with a jerky quality when arms and legs are repeatedly moved.
The following references are relevant:-
Lance et al(1963) Action tremor and the cogwheel phenomenon in Parkinson’s disease[1]
Findley et al (1981) Tremor, the cogwheel phenomenon and clonus in Parkinson’s disease [2]
Ghiglione et al(2005) Cogwheel Rigidity [3]
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References
- ↑ Lance, James W.; Schwab, Paul S. and Peterson, Elizabeth R. (1963) Full Text Brain 86 (1) 85 – 110 Action tremor and the cogwheel phenomenon in Parkinson’s disease http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/86/1/95.extract
- ↑ Findley, L.J.; Gresty, M.A. and Halmagy, G.M.(1981) Full TextJ. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1981 44 (6) 534 –5 46. Tremor, the cogwheel phenomenon and clonus in Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC491035/
- ↑ Ghiglione, Paolo, Mutani, Roberto and Chio, Adriano (2005) Full Text Jama 62 (5) http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=788358
Coma
Deep unconsciousness with loss of awareness
The following references are relevant:-
Guillan(1925) A clinical study of encephalitis lethargic – based on 62 cases [1]
Jang et al (2009) Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus can enter the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration [2]
Nakamagoe et al (2009) Parkinsonism with organophosphate poisoning [3]
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References
- ↑ Gullan, A. Gordon (1925) Full Text Br. Med. J. 1 (3364) 1120 – 1124. A clinical study of encephalitis lethargic – based on 62 cases http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2227105/
- ↑ Jang, Haeman; Boltz, David; Sturm-Ramirez, Katharinr; Shepherd, Kennie R.; Jiao, Yun; Webster, Robert and Smeyne, Richard J. (2009) Full Text Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 106 (33) 14063 – 14068. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus can enter the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2729020/
- ↑ Nakmgoe, Kyotaka; Watanabe, Masahiki; Takeda, ohoru; Mizutani,Taro; and Tamaoka, Ahira (2009) Full Text BMJ Case Rep. bcr04.2009.1766. > Parkinsonism with organophosphate poisoning http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3029951/
Compulsive behaviour
Out-of character uncontrollable urges, for instance gambling.
The following references are relevant:-
Djamshidian et al (2010) Risk and learning in impulsive and non-impulsive patients with Parkinson’s disease [1]
Djamshidian et al (2011) Novelty seeking behaviour in Parkinson’s disease [2]
Bostwick et al (2012) Frequency of New-Onset Pathologic Compulsive Gambling or Hypersexuality After Drug Treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [3]
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References
- ↑ Djamshidian, Atbin; Jha Ashwani; O’SWullivan, Sean S.; Silveira-Moriyama, Laura; Jacobson, Clare; Brown, Peter; Lees, Andrew and Averbeck, Bruno B. (2010) Full Text Mov. Disord. 25 (13) 2203 – 2210 Risk and learning in impulsive and non-impulsive patients with Parkinson’s disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093055/
- ↑ Djamshidian, Atbib; O’Sullivan, Sean. S.; Wittman, Bianca C.; Lees, Andrew J. and Averbeck, Bruno B. (2011) Full TextNeuropsychologia. 49 (9) 2483 –2 488. Novelty seeking behaviour in Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137690/
- ↑ Bostwick, J. Michael ; Hecksel, Kathleen A.; Stevens, Susanna R.; Bower, James H. and Ahlskog, J. Eric . (2012) Full Text Mayo Clin. Proc. 84 (4) 310 – 316. Frequency of New-Onset Pathologic Compulsive Gambling or Hypersexuality After Drug Treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137690/
Constipation
Decreased ability of intestinal muscles to move stool through the bowels
Gao et al (2011) A Prospective Study of Bowel Movement Frequency and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease [1]
Forsyth et al (2011) Increased Intestinal Permeability Correlates with Sigmoid Mucosa alpha-Synuclein Staining and Endotoxin Exposure Markers in Early Parkinson's Disease [2]
Wang et al (2013) Early recognition of pelvic floor dyssynergia and colorectal assessment in Parkinson's disease associated with bowel dysfunction. [3]
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References
- ↑ Gao, Xiang; Chen, Honglei; Schwarzchild, Michael and Ascherio, Alberto (2011) Full Text Am. J. Epidemiol. 174 (5) 546 – 551. A Prospective Study of Bowel Movement Frequency and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3202149/
- ↑ Forsyth, Christopher B.; Shannon, Kathleen M.; Kordower, Jeffrey H.; Voigt, Robin M.; Shaikh, Maliha; Jaglin, Jean A.; Eates, Jacob D. and Dodiva, Hemraj B.(2011) Full Text PLoS One. 2011; 6(12): e28032. Increased Intestinal Permeability Correlates with Sigmoid Mucosa alpha-Synuclein Staining and Endotoxin Exposure Markers in Early Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228722/
- ↑ Wang, C. P.; Sung, W.H.; Wang, C. C. and Tsai, P. Y. color="maroon">(2013) Full Text Colorectal Dis.2013.1111/codi.12105. [Epub ahead of print] Early recognition of pelvic floor dyssynergia and colorectal assessment in Parkinson's disease associated with bowel dysfunction. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23320499
Contractures (permanent contraction at joints))
Permanent contraction at joints.
The following references are relevant:-
Ebin (1951) Surgical Treatment of Parkinsonism: Indications and Results[1]
Kyriakides and Hewer (1988) Hand contractures in Parkinson's disease. [2]
Shah et al (2005) Flexion contracture after total knee arthroplasty in a patient with Parkinson's disease: successful treatment with botulinum toxin type A. [3]
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References
- ↑ Ebin, Judah (1951) Full Text Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med. 27 (11) 653 – 678. Surgical Treatment of Parkinsonism: Indications and Results http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1930137/
- ↑ Kyriakides, T. and Hewer, R. L. (1988) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 51 (9) 1221 – 1223. Hand contractures in Parkinson's disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1033032/
- ↑ Shah, S.N.; Hornyak, J. and Urquhart, A. G. (2005) Full TextJ. Arthroplasty 20 (8) 1078 - 1080. Flexion contracture after total knee arthroplasty in a patient with Parkinson's disease: successful treatment with botulinum toxin type A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376267
Coprolalia(exclamatory swearing and the use of hostile or obscene epithets0
Exclamatory swearing and use of hostile or obscene epithets.
Daniele et al (1997) Obsessive-compulsive behaviour and cognitive impairment in a parkinsonian patient after left putaminal lesion. [1]
Shale et al (2005) Tics in a patient with Parkinson's disease†[2]
Dale et al (2007) Contemporary encephalitis lethargica presenting with agitated catatonia, stereotypy, and dystonia-parkinsonism. [3]
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References
- ↑ Daniele, A.; Bartolomeo, P.; Cassetta, E.; Bentivoglio, A. R.; Gainotti, G.; Albanese, A. and Bartolomeo, P. (1997) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 62 (3) 288 – 289. Obsessive-compulsive behaviour and cognitive impairment in a parkinsonian patient after left putaminal lesion. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1064163/?page=1
- ↑ Shale, Heidi; Fahn, Stanley and Mayeux, Richard (2005) Full Text Tics in a patient with Parkinson's disease† http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mds.870010111/abstract
- ↑ Dale, R. C.; Webster, R. and Gill, D. (2007) AbstactMov. Disord. 22 (15) 2281 - 2284. Contemporary encephalitis lethargica presenting with agitated catatonia, stereotypy, and dystonia-parkinsonism. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17914719
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