Nonlinear finite elements/Nonlinearities in solid mechanics

< Nonlinear finite elements

Nonlinearity is natural in physical problems. In fact the linear assumptions we make are only valid in special circumstances and usually involve some measure of "smallness", for example, small strains, small displacements, small rotations, small changes in temperature, and so on.

We use linear approximations not because they are more correct but because

However, linear analysis is not adequate and nonlinear analysis is necessary when

The choice of analysis depends on the problem at hand. The usual questions an engineer asks when deciding on the type of analysis to perform are

A cost-benefit analysis is usually necessary before embarking on the nonlinear analysis of a problem.

Types of Nonlinearity

Nonlinearities are classified into three major types:

  1. Geometric nonlinearities.
  2. Material nonlinearities.
  3. Contact nonlinearities.

Geometric nonlinearities

Geometric nonlinearities involve nonlinearities in kinematic quantities such as the strain-displacement relations in solids. Such nonlinearities can occur due to large displacements, large strains, large rotations, and so on. Contact can also be classified as a geometric nonlinearity because the area of contact is a function of the deformation (some authors puts contact in another class called nonlinear boundary conditions).

An example of a problem that involves a geometric nonlinearity is the torsional spring problem (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. A bar attached to a torsional spring.

We want to find the relationship between the rotation \theta of the bar and the applied force F.

A balance of moments on the bar gives us


    M = F~l~\cos\theta

where M is the moment at the pinned end of the bar.

We can relate the moment M to the rotation of the spring by the constitutive equation for a torsional spring


    M = k_T~\theta

where k_T is the torsional spring constant.

Therefore, we can write


    {
      F = \cfrac{k_T~\theta}{l~\cos\theta} \qquad (\text{nonlinear in}~\theta)~.
    }

If the angular displacement \theta is small (i.e., \theta \rightarrow 0), we have \cos\theta \rightarrow 1. Therefore, the force-rotation relationship becomes


    {
      F = \cfrac{k_T~\theta}{l} \qquad (\text{linear in}~\theta)~.
    }

Figure 2 shows how the linear approximation compares with the nonlinear solution. The nonlinear and linear solutions are quite different beyond a rotation of around 30 degrees.

Figure 2. Forces-rotation relationship for a bar attached to a torsional spring.

Material nonlinearities

Material nonlinearities occur when the stress-strain or force-displacement law is not linear, or when material properties change with the applied loads.

For the torsional spring, we can introduce material nonlinearities if we assume that the constitutive equation for the spring is


     M = (k_0 + k_1~\theta)~\theta ~.

In that case, the force-rotation relation becomes


    {
      F = \cfrac{(k_0 + k_1~\theta)~\theta}{l~\cos\theta} 
        \qquad (\text{both material and geometric nonlinearity})~.
    }

If we assume small rotations, we get


    {
      F = \cfrac{(k_0 + k_1~\theta)~\theta}{l} 
        \qquad (\text{only material nonlinearity})~.
    }

Figure 3 shows how the inclusion of material nonlinearities affects the solution.

Figure 3. Forces-rotation relationship for a bar attached to a torsional spring (with material and geometric nonlinearities).
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