Information Systems/Programming

< Information Systems

This lesson covers programming.

Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for the programming portion of CLEP Information Systems include:[1]

Readings

  1. Read Wikibooks: Introduction to Computer Information Systems/Program Development.
  2. Read Wikipedia: Computer programming.
  3. Read Wikipedia: Order of operations.
  4. Read Wikipedia: Object-oriented programming.
  5. Read Wikipedia: Structured programming.
  6. Read Wikipedia: Data type.
  7. Read Wikipedia: Computer file.

Multimedia

  1. Watch YouTube: Hour of Code: Introduction.
  2. Watch YouTube: Objective Programming for "Dummies" like me - Easy Explanation.
  3. Watch YouTube: Object-Oriented Programming.
  4. Watch YouTube: The difference between procedural and object-oriented programming.
  5. Watch YouTube: How does structured programming work?.
  6. Watch YouTube: C Programming Tutorial

Activities

  1. Review the TIOBE: Software Index. Identify currently popular programming languages. If your organization does software development, find out what programming languages are used and where they fall on the software index. Otherwise, check programming classes available at your school and find out what languages are taught and where they fall on the software index.
  2. Complete one or more of the drag-and-drop programming tutorials at Code.org: Learn.
  3. Complete the dungeon levels of the first lesson of CodeCombat.
  4. Review Wikipedia: Macro (computer science) and complete the tutorial Microsoft: Save Time by Creating and Running Macros in Excel 2010 or complete one or more of the Excel Easy: VBA programming tutorials.
  5. Download the Visual Logic flowchart / coding tool and complete the tutorial.
  6. Review Wikipedia: Structured programming and Wikipedia: Diagramming software. Select a diagramming program and create a flowchart that includes examples of sequence, condition/selection, and loop/iteration structures.
  7. Review the lesson summary, key terms, review questions, and assessments below.

Lesson Summary

Key Terms

algorithm
A self-contained step-by-step set of operations to be performed.[17]
assembly language
A low-level programming language.[18]
Boolean
A data type having two values (usually denoted true and false), intended to represent the truth values of logic and Boolean algebra.[19]
bug
An error, flaw, failure, or fault in a computer program or system that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended ways.[20]
C
A general-purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations.[21]
C++
A general-purpose programming language that has imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features, while also providing facilities for low-level memory manipulation.[22]
code
Any collection of computer instructions (possibly with comments) written using some human-readable computer language, usually as text.[23]
compiler
A program that reads source code, translates it into machine language, and writes the machine language to binary (object) code that can be directly loaded and executed.[24]
control structure
The order in which individual statements, instructions or function calls of an imperative program are executed or evaluated.[25]
data structure
A particular way of organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently.[26]
debugging
The process of finding and resolving defects that prevent correct operation of computer software or a system.[27]
interpreter
A computer program that directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language, without previously compiling them into a machine language program.[28]
Java
A general-purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.[29]
logic error
A bug in a program that causes it to operate incorrectly, not to terminate abnormally, but produce unintended or undesired output or other behavior, although it may not immediately be recognized as such.[30]
machine language
A set of instructions executed directly by a computer's central processing unit (CPU).[31]
modular programming
A software design technique that emphasizes separating the functionality of a program into independent and interchangeable units.[32]
order of operations
A rule used to clarify which procedures should be performed first in a given mathematical expression.[33]
pseudocode
An informal high-level description of the operating principle of a computer program or other algorithm.[34]
program analysis
The process of automatically examining the behavior of computer programs regarding a property such as correctness, robustness, safety and liveness.[35]
programming
A process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs.[36]
programming language
A formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer.[37]
Python
A widely used general-purpose, high-level programming language that emphasizes code readability.[38]
query language
Computer languages used to make queries in databases and information systems.[39]
scripting language
A programming language that supports programs written for a special run-time environment that can interpret (rather than compile) and automate the execution of tasks that could alternatively be executed one-by-one by a human operator.[40]
software development.
The computer programming, documenting, testing, and bug fixing involved in creating and maintaining applications and frameworks involved in a software release life cycle and resulting in a software product.[41]
SQL (Structured Query Language)
A special-purpose programming language designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system (RDSMS).[42]
subroutine
A sequence of program instructions that perform a specific task, packaged as a unit.[43]
syntax error
An error in the sequence of characters or tokens that is intended to be written in a particular programming language.[44]

Review Questions

  1. Computer programming is _____.
    Computer programming is a process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs.
  2. Programming involves activities such as _____.
    Programming involves activities such as analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, verification of requirements of algorithms, and implementation (commonly referred to as coding) of algorithms in a target programming language.
  3. Source code is written in one or more programming languages. Popular programming languages include _____.
    Source code is written in one or more programming languages. Popular programming languages include Java, C, C++, C#, and Python.
  4. Programming quality is measured by _____.
    Programming quality is measured by reliability, robustness, usability, portability, maintainability, and efficiency.
  5. Reliability is _____.
    Reliability is how often the results of a program are correct.
  6. Robustness is _____.
    Robustness is how well a program anticipates problems due to errors (not bugs).
  7. Usability is _____.
    Usability is the ease with which a person can use the program for its intended purpose.
  8. Portability is _____.
    Portability is the range of computer hardware and operating system platforms on which the source code of a program can be compiled/interpreted and run.
  9. Maintainability is _____.
    Maintainability is the ease with which a program can be modified by its present or future developers in order to make improvements.
  10. Efficiency is _____.
    Efficiency is the amount of system resources a program consumes.
  11. Most programming languages follow the order of operations commonly used in mathematics of _____.
    Most programming languages follow the order of operations commonly used in mathematics of Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, and Subtraction, or PEMDAS.
  12. Object-oriented programming (OOP) is _____.
    Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects", which are data structures that contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods.
  13. Most popular object-oriented programming languages are class-based, meaning _____.
    Most popular object-oriented programming languages are class-based, meaning that objects are instances of classes, which typically also determines their type.
  14. Popular object-oriented programming languages include _____.
    Popular object-oriented programming languages include Java, C++, C#, and Python.
  15. Structured programming is _____. 
    Structured programming is a programming paradigm aimed at improving the clarity, quality, and development time of a computer program by making extensive use of subroutines, block structures and for and while loops—in contrast to using simple tests and jumps such as the goto statement which could lead to "spaghetti code", which is difficult both to follow and to maintain. 
  16. Structured programming uses three control structures — _____, _____, and _____ — to define any program or function.
    Structured programming uses three control structures — sequencing, selection (conditions), and iteration (loops) — to define any program or function.
  17. A data type is _____.
    A data type is a classification identifying one of various types of data, such as integer, floating-point number, Boolean, character, or string, that determines the possible values for that type; the operations that can be done on values of that type; the meaning of the data; and the way values of that type are stored.
  18. At the machine level, data types correspond to _____.
    At the machine level, data types correspond to the sizes of system memory locations and processor data containers (registers) and supporting instructions.
  19. Data types may be combined into _____.
    Data types may be combined into composite data types such as arrays and structures.
  20. A computer file is _____.
    A computer file is a resource for storing information, which is available to a computer program and is usually based on some kind of durable storage.

Assessments

See Also

References

  1. ↑ CLEP: Information Systems
  2. ↑ Wikipedia: Computer programming
  3. ↑ Wikipedia: Computer programming
  4. ↑ Wikipedia: Computer programming
  5. ↑ TIOBE: Software Index
  6. ↑ Wikipedia: Computer programming
  7. ↑ Wikipedia: Order of operations
  8. ↑ Wikipedia: Object-oriented programming
  9. ↑ Wikipedia: Object-oriented programming
  10. ↑ Wikipedia: Object-oriented programming
  11. ↑ Wikipedia: Structured programming
  12. ↑ Wikipedia: Structured programming
  13. ↑ Wikipedia: Data type
  14. ↑ Wikipedia: Data type
  15. ↑ Wikipedia: Data type
  16. ↑ Wikipedia: Computer file
  17. ↑ Wikipedia: Algorithm
  18. ↑ Wikipedia: Assembly language
  19. ↑ Wikipedia: Boolean data type
  20. ↑ Wikipedia: Software bug
  21. ↑ Wikipedia: C (programming language)
  22. ↑ Wikipedia: C++
  23. ↑ Wikipedia: Source code
  24. ↑ Wikipedia: Compiler
  25. ↑ Wikipedia: Control flow
  26. ↑ Wikipedia: Data structure
  27. ↑ Wikipedia: Debugging
  28. ↑ Wikipedia: Interpreter (computing)
  29. ↑ Wikipedia: Java (programming language)
  30. ↑ Wikipedia: Logic error
  31. ↑ Wikipedia: Machine code
  32. ↑ Wikipedia: Modular programming
  33. ↑ Wikipedia: Order of operations
  34. ↑ Wikipedia:Pseudocode
  35. ↑ Wikipedia: Program analysis
  36. ↑ Wikipedia: Computer programming
  37. ↑ Wikipedia: Programming language
  38. ↑ Wikipedia: Python (programming language)
  39. ↑ Wikipedia: Query language
  40. ↑ Wikipedia: scripting language
  41. ↑ Wikipedia: Software development
  42. ↑ Wikipedia: SQL
  43. ↑ Wikipedia: Subroutine
  44. ↑ Wikipedia: Syntax error
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