Indo-European languages

This page provides a classification of the Indo-European languages and analyses of the major European languages.

For an overview of the Indo-European languages, including spread and classification, please see Wikipedia's article on Indo-European languages.

Germanic Languages

• Western Germanic
  • Anglo-Frisian
    • English Languages/Anglic
      • Old English (OE:Anglo-Saxon; spoken between approx. 450 - 1100 CE)
      • Middle English (ME:Anglo-Norman; spoken between approx. 1100 - 1500 CE)
        • Yola Language (spoken between ? - mid-16th century CE)
      • Early Modern English (EMnE; spoken between approx. 1500 - 1650 CE)
      • Modern English (MnE; spoken beginning approx. 1650 - present) However, there are some divergent dialects of Modern English where phonology and orthography vary, particularly among British English (including South African English, Australian English, etc.) and North American English.
      • Scots
        • Early Scots (spoken between approx. ? - 1450 CE)
        • Middle Scots (spoken between 1450 - 1700 CE)
        • Modern Scots
    • Frisian Languages
      • West Frisian
      • Saterland Frisian
      • North Frisian
      • Middle Frisian (spoken between approx. 1500 - 1820 CE)
      • Old Frisian (spoken between approx. 700 - 1500 CE)
  • Low German
    • Dutch Low German
    • West Low German
    • East Low German
    • Low Franconian Languages (sometimes defined as seperate branch of West German)
      • Afrikaans
      • Dutch
        • Flemish
  • High German
  • b:German
  • Yiddish
  • Luxembourgish
  • Central German Dialects
  • Upper German Dialects
  • Vilamovian
• Northern Germanic (Scandinavian)'
  • Danish
  • Icelandic
  • Norwegian
  • Swedish
  • Faeroese
  • Norn
  • Elfdalian
• East Germanic (extinct)
  • Gothic
  • Crimean Gothic
  • Vandalic
  • Burgundian

Romance Languages

• French
• b:Italian
• Portuguese
• Romanian
• b:Spanish
• b:Catalan
• Aragonese
• Asturian
• Francoprovençal
• Northern Italian
• Occitan
• Rhaeto-Romanic
• Sardinian

Slavic Languages

• 'Western
  • Czech
  • Polish
  • Slovak
  • Sorbian (also called Lusatian or Wendish - a Slavic language spoken by an isolated group in East Germany)
• Eastern
  • Belarussian
  • Russian
  • Ukrainian
• Southern
  • b:Bulgarian
  • Croatian
  • Macedonian
  • b:Serbian
  • Slovenian

Baltic

• Latvian
• Lithuanian

Celtic

• Brythonic
  • Breton
  • Welsh
  • b:Welsh Language
  • Cornish
• Goidelic
  • Irish
  • b:Irish
  • Scottish Gaelic
  • b:Scottish Gaelic
  • Manx

Albanian

• Tosk
  • Standard Albanian
  • Arbëresh
  • Arvanitiki
• Gheg

Indo-Iranian

• Indo-Aryan (Indic)
  • Assamese
  • Bengali
  • Bihari
  • Gujarati
  • Urdu(हिन्दी)
  • Hindustani (اردو)
  • Marathi
  • Punjabi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ)
  • Romani
  • Sanskrit
  • Sindhi
  • Singhalese
• Iranian
  • Avestan
  • Baluchi
  • Persian
  • Kurdish
  • Pashto (Afghan)
  • Sogdian