Minerals/Ices/Black ices

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The pond ice cover illustrates black ice (right) and white ice (left). Credit: Alaska Lake Ice and Snow Observatory Network (ALISON).

Black ice (congelation ice) "forms as water freezes on the bottom of the ice cover and the latent heat of crystallization is conducted upwards through the ice and snow to the atmosphere."[1]

Glaciology

This is a vertical thin section showing granular snow ice (top) and columnar black ice (bottom). Credit: Alaska Lake Ice and Snow Observatory Network (ALISON).

Black ice "growth rate is proportional to the rate at which energy is transferred from the bottom surface of the ice layer to the air above."[1]

At the right is a vertical thin section through the black ice of the pond. It shows granular snow ice (top) and columnar black ice (bottom).

Water ice

An amazing photo of Bubbles trapped and frozen under a thick layer of ice creating a glass type feel to the frozen lake. Credit: Paul Christian Bowman.

"Congelation ice is often referred to as black ice because it has a high optical depth that permits significant light transmission to the underlying water."[1]

The image on the right shows high optical depth and bubbles trapped and frozen under a thick layer of ice.

Weather

"Meteorological factors such as air temperature, precipitation, wind speed and radiation balance coupled with physical characteristics of the lakes and ice (lake area, depth, volume and fetch; snow depth; ice thickness, type and albedo) lead to complex interactions and feedbacks that affect the timing of freeze-up and break-up (ice cover duration) each year."[1]

Earth

"Lake ice occurs primarily in the Northern Hemisphere [of Earth], where most of the ice is seasonal: it forms in the autumn, thickens during the winter and melts in the spring."[1]

Locations on Earth

This black ice on a lake in Östergötland, Sweden, is 39 mm thick. Credit: Kr-val.

In Swedish kärnis means "blue ice", whereas the English term is "black ice". Lots of "blue ice" occurs on lakes with clear water over a sandy bottom. At right is an image of black ice (kärnis) on Lake Vättern.

Research

Hypothesis:

  1. Black ice indicates slow freezing.

Control groups

This is an image of a Lewis rat. Credit: Charles River Laboratories.

The findings demonstrate a statistically systematic change from the status quo or the control group.

“In the design of experiments, treatments [or special properties or characteristics] are applied to [or observed in] experimental units in the treatment group(s).[2] In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.[3]"[4]

Proof of concept

Def. a “short and/or incomplete realization of a certain method or idea to demonstrate its feasibility"[5] is called a proof of concept.

Def. evidence that demonstrates that a concept is possible is called proof of concept.

The proof-of-concept structure consists of

  1. background,
  2. procedures,
  3. findings, and
  4. interpretation.[6]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 ALISON (05 September 2014). "LAKE ICE: Ice Formation". Alaska, USA: Alaska Lake Ice and Snow Observatory Network. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
  2. ↑ Klaus Hinkelmann, Oscar Kempthorne (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9. http://books.google.com/?id=T3wWj2kVYZgC&printsec=frontcover.
  3. ↑ R. A. Bailey (2008). Design of comparative experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9. http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521683579.
  4. ↑ "Treatment and control groups, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. May 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
  5. ↑ "proof of concept, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. November 10, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  6. ↑ Ginger Lehrman and Ian B Hogue, Sarah Palmer, Cheryl Jennings, Celsa A Spina, Ann Wiegand, Alan L Landay, Robert W Coombs, Douglas D Richman, John W Mellors, John M Coffin, Ronald J Bosch, David M Margolis (August 13, 2005). "Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study". Lancet 366 (9485): 549-55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67098-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1894952/. Retrieved 2012-05-09.

External links

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