Stars/Sun/Heliology

< Stars < Sun

Heliology is the science of Helios, Sol, otherwise known as the Sun.

Theoretical heliology

This is an image of the sun taken from the surface of the Earth. Credit: .

Def. the "scientific study of the Sun"[1] is called heliology.

Def. the "star at the center of the Solar System, represented in astronomy and astrology by ⨀"[2] is called the Sun.

Def. the "star that the Earth revolves around and from which it receives light and warmth.[3]"[4] is called the sun.

Neutrinos

This "neutrino image" of the Sun is produced by using the Super-Kamiokande to detect the neutrinos from nuclear fusion coming from the Sun. Credit: R. Svoboda and K. Gordan (LSU), and NASA.

Gamma rays

The Sun is seen in gamma rays by COMPTEL in June 15, 1991. Credit: COMPTEL team, University of New Hampshire.

The Sun is seen in gamma rays by COMPTEL during a June 15, 1991, solar flare. The Sun is ordinarily not known to produce gamma rays, but during this solar flare, streams of neutrons poured into the intrastellar medium to create gamma rays. This image provided the first evidence that the Sun can accelerate particles for several hours. This phenomenon was not observed before CGRO and represents a new understanding of solar flares.

X-rays

The GOES 14 spacecraft carries a Solar X-ray Imager that took this image of the Sun during the most recent quiet period. The Sun appears dark because of the wavelength band of observation. Credit: NOAA/Space Weather Prediction Center and the NWS Internet Services Team.

Visuals

This is a visual image of the Sun. Credit: Big Bear Solar Observatory.

At the right is a visual image of the Sun.

Violets

This is an image of the Sun using an H I violet band pass filter. Credit: NASA.

The image at the right is of the Sun using an H I violet band pass filter.

Blues

The image shows the Sun in the Ca K line followed by a false-color inversion. Credit: Alan Friedman.

At the right is an image of the Sun through a Ca K extreme violet filter inverted through false color.

Yellows

This is a visual image of the Sun with some sunspots visible. The two small spots in the middle have about the same diameter as our planet Earth. Credit: NASA.

At the right is a visual image of the Sun with some sunspots visible. The two small spots in the middle have about the same diameter as our planet Earth.

Reds

This is a red image of the Sun taken through a solar telescope. Credit: Totallyhaywire2.

The image at right here is a red image taken through a solar telescope.

Infrareds

This is an infrared image of the Sun. Credit: National Solar Observatory, Kitt Peak, Arizona USA.

At the right is an infrared image of the Sun.

Radios

The quiet Sun at 4.6 GHz imaged by the VLA with a resolution of 12 arcsec, or about 8400 km on the surface of the Sun. Credit: NRAO.

At right is a radio image of the Sun at 4.6 GHz. "The brightest discrete radio source is the Sun, but it is much less dominant than it is in visible light. The radio sky is always dark, even when the Sun is up, because atmospheric dust doesn't scatter radio waves, whose wavelengths are much longer than the dust particles."[5]

"The quiet Sun at 4.6 GHz imaged by the [Very Large Array] VLA with a resolution of 12 arcsec, or about 8400 km on the surface of the Sun. The brightest features (red) in this false-color image have brightness temperatures ~ 106 K and coincide with sunspots. The green features are cooler and show where the Sun's atmosphere is very dense. At this frequency the radio-emitting surface of the Sun has an average temperature of 3 x 104 K, and the dark blue features are cooler yet. The blue slash crossing the bottom of the disk is a feature called a filament channel, where the Sun's atmosphere is very thin: it marks the boundary of the South Pole of the Sun. The radio Sun is somewhat bigger than the optical Sun: the solar limb (the edge of the disk) in this image is about 20000 km above the optical limb."[5]

Hydrogen

The Sun is observed through a telescope with an H-alpha filter. Credit: Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA.

Research

Hypothesis:

  1. Helios was an early name for Saturn, or a former Saturn entity.

Control groups

This is an image of a Lewis rat. Credit: Charles River Laboratories.

The findings demonstrate a statistically systematic change from the status quo or the control group.

“In the design of experiments, treatments [or special properties or characteristics] are applied to [or observed in] experimental units in the treatment group(s).[6] In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.[7]"[8]

Proof of concept

Def. a “short and/or incomplete realization of a certain method or idea to demonstrate its feasibility"[9] is called a proof of concept.

Def. evidence that demonstrates that a concept is possible is called proof of concept.

The proof-of-concept structure consists of

  1. background,
  2. procedures,
  3. findings, and
  4. interpretation.[10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "heliology, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
  2. ↑ "Sun, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 21 June 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
  3. ↑ The Illustrated Oxford Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1998
  4. ↑ "the sun, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 21 June 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
  5. 1 2 S.G. Djorgovski et al. "A Tour of the Radio Universe". National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2014-03-16.
  6. ↑ Klaus Hinkelmann, Oscar Kempthorne (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9. http://books.google.com/?id=T3wWj2kVYZgC&printsec=frontcover.
  7. ↑ R. A. Bailey (2008). Design of comparative experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9. http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521683579.
  8. ↑ "Treatment and control groups, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. May 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
  9. ↑ "proof of concept, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. November 10, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  10. ↑ Ginger Lehrman and Ian B Hogue, Sarah Palmer, Cheryl Jennings, Celsa A Spina, Ann Wiegand, Alan L Landay, Robert W Coombs, Douglas D Richman, John W Mellors, John M Coffin, Ronald J Bosch, David M Margolis (August 13, 2005). "Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study". Lancet 366 (9485): 549-55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67098-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1894952/. Retrieved 2012-05-09.

Further reading

External links

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