Genomes

"[T]he genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. [In humans, it] is encoded ... in DNA ... The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA.[1]"[2]

"Homo sapiens estimated genome size [is] 3.2 billion bp.[3]"[2]

Associated with genomes are epigenomes.

Theoretical genomes

Def. "[t]he complete genetic information ... of an organism"[4] is called a genome.

Biochemistry

A haploid genome contains non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA. Non-repetitive DNA consists mainly of coding DNA. In eukaryotes, the coding DNA consists of genes having exon-intron organization. The major part of mammalian genomes is repetitive DNA.[5]

"In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts and/or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome"."[2]

Genetic information is encoded as a sequence of nucleobases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).

Non-repetitive DNA

Each gene has exons interspaced with introns, usually alternating along the DNA template strand. Before and after these are the 5' and 3' untranslated regions, by convention, respectively. Between genes usually before the gene in the direction of transcription are nucleotide sequences that contain the gene promoter.

Research

Hypothesis:

  1. The human genome may be less than 10 % human.

Control groups

This is an image of a Lewis rat. Credit: Charles River Laboratories.

The findings demonstrate a statistically systematic change from the status quo or the control group.

“In the design of experiments, treatments [or special properties or characteristics] are applied to [or observed in] experimental units in the treatment group(s).[6] In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.[7]"[8]

Proof of concept

Def. a “short and/or incomplete realization of a certain method or idea to demonstrate its feasibility"[9] is called a proof of concept.

Def. evidence that demonstrates that a concept is possible is called proof of concept.

The proof-of-concept structure consists of

  1. background,
  2. procedures,
  3. findings, and
  4. interpretation.[10]

See also

References

  1. Ridley, M. (2006). Genome. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-019497-9
  2. 1 2 3 "Genome, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. October 19, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  3. "Human Genome".
  4. "genome, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. October 16, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  5. Benjamin Lewin (2004). Genes VIII (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-143981-2.
  6. Klaus Hinkelmann, Oscar Kempthorne (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9. http://books.google.com/?id=T3wWj2kVYZgC&printsec=frontcover.
  7. R. A. Bailey (2008). Design of comparative experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9. http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521683579.
  8. "Treatment and control groups, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. May 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
  9. "proof of concept, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. November 10, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  10. Ginger Lehrman and Ian B Hogue, Sarah Palmer, Cheryl Jennings, Celsa A Spina, Ann Wiegand, Alan L Landay, Robert W Coombs, Douglas D Richman, John W Mellors, John M Coffin, Ronald J Bosch, David M Margolis (August 13, 2005). "Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study". Lancet 366 (9485): 549-55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67098-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1894952/. Retrieved 2012-05-09.

External links

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Educational level: this is a research resource.
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Subject classification: this is a biochemistry resource.
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