Fundamentals of Neuroscience/Exams

Conceptual Overviews (lessons 1-5)

Quiz I

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	Neurology
	Neuropharmacology
	Computational neuroscience
	Nephrology
	Neuroimaging

	Axon
	Dendrite
	Myelin
	Cell body

	Peripheral afferent neuron
	Peripheral efferent neuron
	Central afferent neuron
	Central efferent neuron

	Schwann Cells
	Oligidendroctyes
	Microglia
	Macroglia

	Synthesizing neurotransmitters
	Maintaining a proper ionic milieu
	Promoting neuron survival
	Synthesizing myelin

	Sympathetic nervous system
	Parasympathetic nervous system
	Autonomic nervous system
	Somatic nervous system

	Sympathetic nervous system
	Parasympathetic nervous system
	Peripheral nervous system
	Somatic nervous system

	Reward circuits
	Sleep
	Memory
	Impulse control
	Inhibition

	True
	False

	Glutamate
	GABA
	Acetylcholine
	Dopamine
	Sertonin

	Depolarization
	Hyperpolarization
	Firing of an action potential

	The presynaptic neuron would run out of acetyl choline and no longer be able to signal the postynaptic neuron
	As levels of acetylcholine rise, it would be toxic to the cells
	Acetycholine would keep telling the postsynaptic neuron to fire, leading to uncontrolled firing

	When neurotransmitters is released, it will either open all of the sodium channels or none of them depending on how much is released
	If the membrane potential exceeds a certain threshold, then the cell will send a single signal, otherwise it will send none
	If the excitation is strong enough to trigger an action potential, then a hyperpolarization phase must ensure, otherwise no hyperpolarization will occur

	negative, more positive, more negative
	negative, more negative, more positive
	positive, more positive, more negative
	positive, more negative, more positive

	True
	False

	Hippocampus
	Temporal lobe
	Hypothalamus
	Thalamus
	Amygdala

	Cerebellum
	Midbrain
	Pons
	Medulla

→

See the Four F's of the hypothalamus

Feeding

Fighting

Fleeing

Fornicating

	Thalamus- relaying information between the two brain hemispheres
	Midbrain- regulating sleep
	Amygdala- modulating heart rate and respiration
	Cortex- complex cognitive processes
	Cerebellum- fine-tuning motion

	Occipital lobe- motion detection and color perception
	Temporal lobe- emotion and fear responses
	Parietal lobe- spatial awareness
	Cerebrum- Memory formation

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Focused Topics (lessons 6-10)

Quiz II

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	Neural tube
	Neural crest
	Diencephelon
	Telencephelon

	Cell differentiation
	Neural tube formation
	Neural crest formation
	Neurilation

	Growth of connections
	Gyrus formation in the cortex
	Enlargement of neurons
	Loss of connections

	True
	False

	Adaptivity
	Maleability
	Plasticity
	Flexability

	Reticular formation
	Suprachiasmatic nucleus
	Thalamus
	Occipital lobe

	Percieved light level
	Decreased neurotrasnmitter availibility
	Buildup of adenosine
	Action of the hormone melatonin
	Action of the hormone melanin

	Eye movement
	Temporary paralysis
	Selective brain region deactivation
	Occurance of Dreams
	Neural activity patterns

	Replenishing neurotransmitter levels
	Replenishing hormone levels
	Establishing new channels and receptors
	Breaking down more ATP
	Boosting proper development and learning

	True
	False

	They pertain to concrete facts
	They are a form of declarative memory
	They are ultimately stored in the cerebrum
	They can include autobiographical memories

	Biochemical changes occur at the synapse
	A neuronal 'loop' is replayed
	Sensory regions are recruited to reconstruct perceptions
	The hippocampus is highly activated

	A process of creating new connections and associations to form a memory
	A process of removing inhibitory inputs impeding a certain memory circuit
	A process of strengthening already existing synaptic connections

	The memory experience is recreated in the brain
	The memory is moved from the hippocampus to the cerebrum
	Neuronal connections forming the memory may be altered
	Enough of the accompanying memory 'network' must be activated to recover the memory
	Neurons within the memory network must synchronize their firing

	Broca's area
	Wernicke's area
	Geschwind's territory

	Primary motor cortex must be highly activated
	Specific phonemes must be selected to form words
	Muscle movements of facial muscles must be precisely coordinated
	Broca's area must oversee speech production

	True
	False

	Emerges unexpectidely with few indications of its origins
	Generates complex behavior out of the interactions of simple parts
	Is inevitable and must result from a certain stimulus input
	Is formed by a circuit

	True
	False

	Thalamus- tagging sensory input as emotionally arousing or not
	Amygdala- center for fear and aggression
	Anterior cingulate- controlling emotional responses with rational inhibition
	Hypothalamus- signaling information about emotional cues to the thalamus
	Prefrontal cortex- abnegating immediate reward for goal-oriented behavior

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Senses and Movement (lessons 11-15)

Quiz III

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	Magnify images
	Focus light
	Enhance images
	Reflect light

	Input from the left eye travels to the left visual cortex, and vice versa
	Input from the left eye travels to the right visual cortex, and vice versa
	Input from the left field of vision travels to the left visual cortex, and vice versa
	Input from the left field of vision travels to the right visual cortex, and vice versa

	Cone cells are more abundant than rod cells
	Rod cells are adept at motion detection
	Cone cells are concentrated where visual acuity is greatest
	Rod cells do not respond selectively to different wavelengths of light

	Each successive layer processes increasingly complex visual information
	The primary visual cortex (V1) already processes motion information
	Color perception begins at the V2 layer of the occipital cortex
	Depth perception is generated by advanced level spatial understanding pathways
	The visual stream passing through the parietal lobe is responsible for object recognition

	Pressure waves in the air vibrate a membrane on the cochlea
	Specialized nerve cells detect air vibration and send this information to the cochlea
	Pressure waves trigger the movement of a series of bones which vibrate the cochlea

	True
	False

	Detecting vibrations of the cochlear membrane
	Detecting the movement of fluid within the cochlea
	Detecting the force exerted by the ossicles
	The cochlea does not contain any mechanoreceptors

	Sound location is determened by interaural time differnces
	Pitch information is encoded by what area of the cochlea gets activated
	Both the primary and secondary auditory cortices are on the temporal lobe
	The first destination of the auditory nerve coming from the ear is the primary auditory cortex

	True
	False

	Olfactants and gustants
	Olfactants and tastants
	Odorants and gustants
	Odorants and tastants

	Activation of receptors specific for certain perceptions
	Activation of collections of receptors in different patterns
	Differential activation of receptors at specific regions of the tongue or olfactory bulb
	Co-activation of two receptor types by a specific stimulus

	Vibration
	Stretch
	Pressure
	Temperature
	Pain

	Receptor shape and location on the body
	Receptor density and shape
	Receptor depth in the skin and density
	All receptors within a given class are equally sensitive to stimulation

	According to location on the body
	According to receptor type
	According to stimulus type
	According to receptor depth in the skin

	Directly by physical damage to the cell
	Directly by a strong pressure applied to the cell
	Directly by the loss of cells
	Indirectly by chemicals released by damaged cells
	Indirectly by chemicals released by immune cells
	Indirectly by psychological influences

	Many classes and types of mechnoreceptors vs few varying types
	Passing through intermediate processing steps vs direct route to the cortex
	Most receptors near the surface of the skin vs most buried in the lower dermis
	One main cortical processing area vs very diffuse processing

	Acetylcholine
	Dopamine
	Seretonin
	Many types of neurotransmitters are usually used

	Generating movement commands
	Filtering out excess movement commands
	Atuning muscle coordination
	Processing inputs from muscle spindles

	Causing muscle fibers to contract
	Causing muscle fibers to relax
	Detecting muscle stretch following contraction
	Detecting muscle fatigue (through lactate levels)

	True
	False

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Disorders (lessons 16-20)

Quiz IV

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	Impaired communication
	Social difficulties
	Repetitive behavior
	Lack of focus
	Improper sensory processing

	Acquisition of language
	Exceptional abilities in one subject
	Severity of behavioral restriction
	General intelligence scores

	Impulsivity
	Disorganization
	Hyperacitivity
	Inattention

	Parietal cortex
	Prefrontal cortex
	Basal ganglia
	Limbic System

	Dyscalcula- Difficulties in mathmatics
	Dysliria- Difficulties in reading comprehension
	Dyslexia- Difficulties in writing
	Dysgraphia- Difficulties in drawing pictures

	True
	False

	Beta Amyloid plaques and Gama scleroses
	Tau neurofibularly tangles and Gama scleroses
	Beta Amyloid plaques and Tau neurofibularly tangles
	Delta fissures and Beta Amyloid plaques

	Basal ganglia
	Substantia nigra
	Primary motor cortex
	Cerebellum

	Acetylcholine
	Dopamine
	Serotonin

	Broad brain degeneration due to aging and plaque buildup
	Localized brain degeneration due to the death of certain cells
	Breaking of axonal connections to other neurons due to damage
	Loss of myelin due to autoimmune attacks

	Dopamine depletion
	Heightened hormonal sensitivity
	Selective neurological degeneration
	GABA depletion

	Absence of emotional responses
	Distorted perceptions of reality
	Elevated levels of aggression
	Behavioral disorganization

	True
	False

	Direct impact and vascular damage
	Whiplash and swelling
	Direct impact and swelling
	Whiplash and vascular damage

	Hallucinations
	Weakness on one side of the body
	Drastic mood changes
	Speech issues

	True
	False

	Depression
	PTSD
	Epilepsy
	Addiction
	ADHD

	Reducing swelling for trauma
	Enhancing blood flow for stroke
	Clearing obstructions for stroke
	Reducing inflammation for stroke

	Tolerance- gradual reduction in substance's harm
	Withdrawl- period of severe discomfort following substance abstenance
	Relapse- return to treatment

	Any drug
	Any ingested substance
	Any behavior
	Any substance or behavior

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Brain anatomy

Name that brain region!

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