Gene transcriptions/Elements/EIF4E basals

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Eimeria oocysts vary in size, with E. maxima being the largest (about 20 x 30 microns) and E. mitis the smallest (about 14 x 16 microns). Credit: USDA ARS.

The EIF4E basal element, also eIF4E, (4EBE) is a basal promoter element for the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E. "Interactions between 4EBE and upstream activator sites are position, distance, and sequence dependent."[1]

Genetics

Genetics involves the expression, transmission, and variation of inherited characteristics.

Eukaryote genes

Gene transcriptions

DNA is a double helix of interlinked nucleotides surrounded by an epigenome. On the basis of biochemical signals, an enzyme, specifically a ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase, is chemically bonded to one of the strands (the template strand) of this double helix. The polymerase, once phosphorylated, begins to catalyze the formation of RNA using the template strand. Although the catalysis may have more than one beginning nucleotide (a start site) and more than one ending nucleotide (a stop site) along the DNA, each nucleotide sequence catalyzed that ultimately produces approximately the same RNA is part of a gene. The catalysis of each RNA representation from the template DNA is a transcription, specifically a gene transcription. The overall process is also referred to as gene transcription.

Basal elements

Core promoters

The location of the 4EBE is at the site where the TATA box should be found.[1] At position -25 nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site, this basal promoter element for eIF4E named "4EBE" is sufficient to replace TATA sequences in a heterologous reporter construct."[1]

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E

The "Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E, also known as eIF4E, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF4E gene.[2][3]"[4]

Consensus sequences

The consensus sequence is 3'-TTACCCCCCCTT-5' in the direction of transcription.[1]

DNA-binding protein

"Specific DNA-binding proteins, including YY1, TFII-I, USF, and E2F, bind initiator elements" (Inr)s.[1]

Although 4EBE appears similar to an Inr, it is "not transactivated by YY1", does "not cross-compete with known initiator sequences", is "not supershifted by antibodies to any known initiator-binding proteins", and does "not bind SP1".[1]

Research

Hypothesis:

  1. A1BG is not transcribed by an eIF4E basal element.

Control groups

This is an image of a Lewis rat. Credit: Charles River Laboratories.

The findings demonstrate a statistically systematic change from the status quo or the control group.

“In the design of experiments, treatments [or special properties or characteristics] are applied to [or observed in] experimental units in the treatment group(s).[5] In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.[6]"[7]

Proof of concept

Def. a “short and/or incomplete realization of a certain method or idea to demonstrate its feasibility"[8] is called a proof of concept.

Def. evidence that demonstrates that a concept is possible is called proof of concept.

The proof-of-concept structure consists of

  1. background,
  2. procedures,
  3. findings, and
  4. interpretation.[9]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mary Lynch, Li Chen, Michael J. Ravitz, Sapna Mehtani, Kevin Korenblat, Michael J. Pazin and Emmett V. Schmidt (August 2005). "hnRNP K Binds a Core Polypyrimidine Element in the Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E) Promoter, and Its Regulation of eIF4E Contributes to Neoplastic Transformation". Molecular and Cellular Biology 25 (15): 6436-53. doi:10.1128/​MCB.25.15.6436-6453.2005. http://mcb.asm.org/content/25/15/6436.full. Retrieved 2013-03-17.
  2. ↑ Pelletier J, Brook JD, Housman DE (August 1991). "Assignment of two of the translation initiation factor-4E (EIF4EL1 and EIF4EL2) genes to human chromosomes 4 and 20". Genomics 10 (4): 1079–82. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90203-Q. PMID 1916814.
  3. ↑ Jones RM, MacDonald ME, Branda J, Altherr MR, Louis DN, Schmidt EV (May 1997). "Assignment of the human gene encoding eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (EIF4E) to the region q21-25 on chromosome 4". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 23 (3): 221–3. doi:10.1007/BF02721373. PMID 9330633.
  4. ↑ "EIF4E, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. March 17, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-17.
  5. ↑ Klaus Hinkelmann, Oscar Kempthorne (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9. http://books.google.com/?id=T3wWj2kVYZgC&printsec=frontcover.
  6. ↑ R. A. Bailey (2008). Design of comparative experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9. http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521683579.
  7. ↑ "Treatment and control groups, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. May 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
  8. ↑ "proof of concept, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. November 10, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  9. ↑ Ginger Lehrman and Ian B Hogue, Sarah Palmer, Cheryl Jennings, Celsa A Spina, Ann Wiegand, Alan L Landay, Robert W Coombs, Douglas D Richman, John W Mellors, John M Coffin, Ronald J Bosch, David M Margolis (August 13, 2005). "Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study". Lancet 366 (9485): 549-55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67098-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1894952/. Retrieved 2012-05-09.

Further reading

External links

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