Dominant group/Political science

< Dominant group
In the precolonial era, Ternate was the dominant political and economic power over most of the "Spice Islands" of Maluku. Credit: Eustaquio Santimano.

"Aristotle defined [political science] as the study of the state.[1]"[2] It is a social science concerned with the study of government and politics. "It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems and political behavior."[2]

Dominant group is a two-word term from group theory that identifies an entity of interest.

Politics

Def. "[a] methodology and activities associated with running a government, an organization, or a movement"[3] is called politics.

Def. "maneuvers or diplomacy between people, groups, or organizations, especially involving power, influence or conflict"[3] is called politics.

"Politics ... is the art or science of influencing people's beliefs on a civic, or individual level, when there are more than 2 people involved."[4]

Def. "[a]n organizational structure of the government of a state, church, etc."[5] is called a polity.

Theoretical political science

Def. "[t]he analytical study of public policy and policies, past, present, and prospective"[6] is called political science.

"Political science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government, and politics. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state.[1] It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems and political behavior. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works."[7] Political science intersects with other fields; including economics, law, sociology, history, anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago [~2,500 b2k] with the works of Plato and Aristotle.[8]"[9]

"Political science, in rudimentary terms, is the study of power."[10]

Dominant groups

Examples from primary sources are to be used to prove or disprove each hypothesis. These can be collected per subject or in general.

Democracies

"[B]ecause political democracies generally arise from a compromise between contending organized elites that are unstable to impose their will unilaterally or the unilateral action of one dominant group, usually the armed forces, this does not bode well for democratization in situations in which the armed forces are inextricably tied to the interests of a dominant (and antidemocratic) agrarian class."[11]

Ethnicity

"Ethnic and racial politics and the “hidden” nature of dominant group identity continue to preclude examination of dominant group ethnicity by social scientists."[12]

"States' politics and policies are products of the cooperation, competition, and/or conflict between and among dominant and subordinant (minority) groups, not only of the dominant group(s) within a state (Key 1949; Blalock 1970; Burnham 1974; Giles and Evans 1986)."[13]

"In numerous nationalisms, the ethnic identity of the dominant group is privileged as the core of imagined community (18, 27, 36, 36b, 50, 53, 77a, 88, 119a, 144)."[14]

Feminism

"Consequently, they do not reflect on the challenges to the speaker's agenda and conceptual scheme created when marginalized women can structure the research or political agenda rather than only 'appear' in feminist agendas constructed by dominant group women."[15]

Fieldworks

"Within the community, many individuals felt that having attained their individual compensation the battle was over; there was no continued obligation to extend the human rights project and, more disturbingly, the settlement justified their growing sense of belonging to the dominant group."[16]

Minority threats

"In contexts where the threat posed by a minority group is high, the dominant group's response is predicted to be more hostile than in contexts where that threat is low."[17]

Political participations

"It involves the acceptance of the belief that fundamental differences exist between the interests of one's own group and those of the dominant group."[18]

"Esman asserts that regimes committed to the dominance of one communal group at the expense of another (or others) will "always use three methods of conflict management": 1) proscribe or closely control the political expression of collective interest among dominated groups, 2) prohibit entry by members of dominated groups into the dominant community, and 3) provide monopoly or preferential access for members of the dominant group to political participation, advanced education, economic opportunities, and symbols of status such as official language, the flag, national heroes, and holidays, which reinforce the political, economic, and psychic control of the dominant group."[19] "Esman emphasizes that, though "basically coercive ..., a network of controls for maintaining hegemony is often highly sophisticated and deeply institutionalized.""[19] "Control is a concept that plays a central role in the study of many political phenomena, but only one body of theory and empirical evidence has significantly influenced the study of control relations in deeply divided societies, namely, that associated with the study of overseas European imperialism."[19]

Powers

"[T]he power of a dominant group lies in its ability to control constructions of reality that reinforce its own status so that subordinate groups accept the social order and their own place in it."[20]

"[A] group is dominant if it possesses a disproportionate share of societal resources, privileges, and power."[21]

"Racial boundaries reflect relations of power, in particular the ability of the dominant group to construct and impose definitions upon others."[22]

Hegemony is the ""political, economic, ideological or cultural power exerted by a dominant group over other groups, regardless of the explicit consent of the latter" (Upton et al. 2001)."[23]

The League of Nations failed to achieve “corporate unity to overcome the conflicts of nationalistic interest within the dominant group of the Great Powers.”[24]

"[W]hat is significant for this analysis is that these challenging paradigms (reflecting the increased political power of historically dominated peoples) have focused upon subordinate group victimization and resistance or dominant group mechanisms of oppression"[12].

"For purposes of this analysis, I define a dominant ethnic group as the ethnic group in a society that exercises power to create and maintain a pattern of economic, political, and institutional advantage, which in turn results in the unequal (disproportionately beneficial to the dominant group) distribution of resources."[12]

Recognitions

"They claim, in effect, that “it's the economy, stupid.” Conversely, some proponents of the politics of recognition, such as Charles Taylor (1994), insist that a difference-blind politics of redistribution can reinforce injustice by falsely universalizing dominant group norms, requiring subordinate groups to assimilate to them, and misrecognizing the latters' distinctiveness."[25]

Rights

"As I have argued at length elsewhere, the political Right in the United States has been very successful in mobilizing support against the educational system and its employees, often placing responsibility for the crisis in the economy on the schools. Thus, one of its major achievements has been to shift the blame for unemployment and underemployment, for the loss of economic competitiveness, and for the supposed breakdown of traditional values and standards in the family, education, and paid and unpaid work places from the economic, cultural, and social policies and effects of dominant groups to the school and other public agencies."[26]

Withdrawals

"[W]hen the dominant group loses influence or withdraws-as occurred with the departure of colonial powers- ethnic competition may ensue among the remaining groups, for instance, Ibo, Hausa, and Yoruba in Nigeria; African and Asian (as well as between various tribes) in Uganda; Chinese and Malay in Malaysia; and Hindu and Sikh (as well as Moslem) in India."[27]

Research

Hypothesis:

  1. Politics is a deliberate creation of a dominant group to maintain and secure power for themselves.

Control groups

This is an image of a Lewis rat. Credit: Charles River Laboratories.

The findings demonstrate a statistically systematic change from the status quo or the control group.

“In the design of experiments, treatments [or special properties or characteristics] are applied to [or observed in] experimental units in the treatment group(s).[28] In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.[29]"[30]

Proof of concept

Def. a “short and/or incomplete realization of a certain method or idea to demonstrate its feasibility"[31] is called a proof of concept.

Def. evidence that demonstrates that a concept is possible is called proof of concept.

The proof-of-concept structure consists of

  1. background,
  2. procedures,
  3. findings, and
  4. interpretation.[32]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Oxford Dictionary of Politics: political science
  2. 1 2 "Political science, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. April 28, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
  3. 1 2 "politics, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. January 4, 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  4. ↑ "Politics, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. January 15, 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  5. ↑ "polity, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. December 14, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  6. ↑ "political science, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. November 10, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  7. ↑ "Political Science". The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1999-02-22). Retrieved 2010-11-13.
  8. ↑ Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: political science
  9. ↑ "Political science, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. January 14, 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  10. ↑ Greniea14 (July 14, 2010). "Difference between revisions of "Political science", In: Wikiversity". Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  11. ↑ Terry Lynnn Karl (October 1990). "Dilemmas of democratization in Latin America". Comparative Politics 23 (1): 1-21. http://pics3441.upmf-grenoble.fr/articles/demo/dilemmas_of_democratization_in_latin_america.pdf. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
  12. 1 2 3 Ashley W. Doane Jr. (June 1997). "Dominant Group Ethnic Identity in the United States: The Role of "Hidden" Ethnicity in Intergroup Relations". The Sociological Quarterly 38 (3): 375-97. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1997.tb00483.x. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1997.tb00483.x/abstract. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  13. ↑ Rodney E. Hero, Caroline J. Tolbert (August 1996). "A racial/ethnic diversity interpretation of politics and policy in the states of the US". American Journal of Political Science 40 (3): 851-71. doi:10.2307/2111798. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2111798. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  14. ↑ Ana Maria Alonso (1994). "The Politics of Space, Time and Substance: State Formation, Nationalism, and Ethnicity". Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 379-405. doi:10.2307/2156019. http://users.telenet.be/vze/bachelorpaper/Artikels/Alonso(A.)..pdf. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  15. ↑ Sandra Harding (July 1992). "Subjectivity, Experience and Knowledge: An Epistemology from/for Rainbow Coalition Politics". Development and Change 23 (3): 175-93. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1992.tb00461.x. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1992.tb00461.x/abstract. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  16. ↑ Audrey Kobayashi (February 2005). "Coloring the field: Gender,“race,” and the politics of fieldwork". The Professional Geographer 46 (1): 73-80. doi:10.1111/j.0033-0124.1994.00073.x. http://www.unc.edu/courses/2006spring/geog/203/001/AudreyKcoloring.pdf. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  17. ↑ Micheal W. Giles and Kaenan Hertz (June 1994). "Racial threat and partisan identification". The American Political Science Review 88 (2): 317-26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2944706. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
  18. ↑ Arthur H. Miller, Patricia Gurin, Gerald Gurin and Oksana Malanchuk (August 1981). "Group Consciousness and Political Participation". American Journal of Political Science 25 (3): 494-511. http://aurelien.lefoulgoc.free.fr/divers/articles_conso_news/1981%20-%20Group%20conscioussness%20and%20political%20participation%20-%20Miller%20-%20Gurin%20-%20Gurin%20-%20Malanchuk.pdf. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
  19. 1 2 3 Ian Lustick (April 1979). "Stability in deeply divided societies: consociationalism versus control". World Politics: A Quarterly Journal of International Relations 31 (3): 325-44. http://hevra.haifa.ac.il/~soc/lecturers/smooha/files/1761.pdf. Retrieved 2011-10-15.
  20. ↑ D. Spain (1992). Space and Status In: Gendered Spaces. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 3-7, 10-21, 25-6. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=k_-yKFfFmNsC&oi=fnd&pg=PA20&ots=iI76QhJ-pX&sig=YraBZf6L-_z6G_O--zGSvq9_8qs#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-08-31.
  21. ↑ Eric D. Knowles, Kaiping Peng (August 2005). "White selves: conceptualizing and measuring a dominant-group identity". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89 (2): 223-41. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.2.223.
  22. ↑ Nazli Kibria (September-October 1998). "The contested meanings of 'Asian American': Racial dilemmas in the contemporary US". Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (5): 939-58. doi:10.1080/014198798329739.
  23. ↑ Thobeka Vuyelwa Mda (2010). "Politics of dominance: The suppression and rejection of African languages in South Africa, A paper read at the World Council of Comparative Education Societies (WCCES)". pp. 1–38. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
  24. ↑ C. G. Fenwick (July 1936). "The "Failure" of the League of Nations". The American Journal of International Law 30 (3): 506-9. http://www.jstor.org/pss/2191024. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
  25. ↑ Nancy Fraser (2008). George Henderson and Marvin Waterstone. ed. Social justice in the age of identity politics, In: Geographic Thought: A Praxis Perspective. Oxon: Taylor & Francis. pp. 72-90. ISBN 0415471699. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dYbUqalo4-sC&oi=fnd&pg=PA72&ots=Zsw6PwSccn&sig=MIB-t6RHb6SGRwzSHUHjaLgjdiY. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  26. ↑ Michael W. Apple (Winter 1993). "The Politics of Official Knowledge: Does a National Curriculum Make Sense?". Teachers College Record 95 (2): 222-41. http://www.stanford.edu/class/educ232b/Apple.pdf. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  27. ↑ Paula D. McClain, Albert K. Karnig (June 1990). "The American Political Science Review". Black and Hispanic socioeconomic and political competition 84 (2): 535-45. doi:10.2307/1963534. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1963534. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
  28. ↑ Klaus Hinkelmann, Oscar Kempthorne (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9. http://books.google.com/?id=T3wWj2kVYZgC&printsec=frontcover.
  29. ↑ R. A. Bailey (2008). Design of comparative experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9. http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521683579.
  30. ↑ "Treatment and control groups, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. May 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
  31. ↑ "proof of concept, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. November 10, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  32. ↑ Ginger Lehrman and Ian B Hogue, Sarah Palmer, Cheryl Jennings, Celsa A Spina, Ann Wiegand, Alan L Landay, Robert W Coombs, Douglas D Richman, John W Mellors, John M Coffin, Ronald J Bosch, David M Margolis (August 13, 2005). "Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study". Lancet 366 (9485): 549-55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67098-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1894952/. Retrieved 2012-05-09.

Further reading

External links

This is a research project at http://en.wikiversity.org

Development status: this resource is experimental in nature.
Educational level: this is a research resource.
Resource type: this resource is an article.
Resource type: this resource contains a lecture or lecture notes.
Subject classification: this is a psychology resource .
Subject classification: this is a terminology resource.
This article is issued from Wikiversity - version of the Monday, February 01, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.