Dominant group/Agriculture

< Dominant group
The image shows wheat fields in Ivanovka village, Azerbaijan. Credit: Moonsun1981.

Agriculture is the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.

Agriculture

"It has mainly been the large landowners in Gondosari who have been in a position to take advantage of the modernisasi of agricultural production. Long before the seventies they enjoyed a dominant economic, social and political position in the village. Closely linked by family ties,7 they have occupied all the important positions (such as village head and members of the village administration) since the end of the last century. In this way they have been able to maintain and enlarge their economic power."[1]

"After 1971 the number of participants increased, but rich farmers and large landowners remained the dominant group."[1]

Dominant group

The two-word term dominant group is the topic of its original research proposal. Each of the hypotheses so far conjectured may have some resolution in agriculture.

Soils

"Although either dendrogram shows that the same three dominant groups are present in this soil (the Proteobacteria, the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides group, and the low-G+C gram-positive group), the proportion of clones that were unrelated to known major taxa within the domain Bacteria was higher with the conserved region than with the hypervariable region."[2]

"Since we were interested only in determining the dominant groups of soil microorganisms, a partial [rDNA] sequence analysis was justified. [...] since none of the 124 sequences we analyzed were similar to those of the Archaea, Archaea are probably not a dominant group in this soil. [...] With respect to specific genera, dominant microorganisms found in soil by culture methods were of the genera Arthrobacter (5 to 60%), Bacillus (7 to 67%), Pseudomonas (3 to 15%), Agrobacterium (1 to 20%), Alcaligenes (1 to 20%), and Flavobacterium (1 to 20%) and the order Actinomycetales (5 to 20%) (3). Of these groups, only Bacillus (19%) and Actinomycetales (0.8%) were found in our analysis."[2]

"Based on the results from pure cuIture incubations of methanotrophs and ammonium oxidizers, 14CH4/14CO ratios of >0.05 suggest that CH4 oxidizers were the dominant group while ratios of <0.05 suggest that NH4 oxidizers were the primary group (Jones et al. 1984)."[3]

Ants

"Agriculture is a specialized form of symbiosis that is known to have evolved in only four animal groups: humans, bark beetles, termites, and ants."[4]

"Attine ant agriculture is the product of an ancient, quadripartite, symbiotic relationship between three mutualists and one parasite. The mutualists include the attine ants, their fungal cultivars (Leucocoprineae and Pterulaceae), and filamentous bacteria in the genus Pseudonocardia (Actinomycetes) that grow on the integuments of the ants. The parasite, a fungus in the genus Escovopsis (Ascomycetes) known only from attine fungus gardens, infects those gardens as a “crop disease” and is controlled, at least in part, by an antibiotic produced by the Pseudonocardia bacterial symbiont (4, 10, 11)."[4]

"Such a recent origin for this ecologically dominant group explains their conspicuous absence from Dominican amber (15–20 mya) and may help to explain why, so far as is known, most leaf-cutting ants cultivate the same cultivar species (12–14)."[4]

Communication

"Newspaper coverage in some community newspapers frames the story in more complex and diverse ways and includes a wider range of voices than has been reported in studies of coverage in the national, elite press."[5]

"In this manner, news organizations act as a sentry, not for the community as a whole but for the dominant group(s) of power and influence. ... Terms that loaded highly on this factor included agriculture and agricultural."[5]

Agricultural policy

"The NFU [National Farmers Union] was challenged by the Central Landowners' Association (later the Country Landowners' Association) and the Central Chamber of Agriculture. More importantly, farmers were not the dominant group in agricultural policy-making."[6]

Farm women

"Those who try to break into the power structures may be ostracized not only by members of the dominant group but also by their peers (in this case other farm women)."[7]

Research

Hypothesis:

  1. One way technology enhances hominins is by feeding them adequately.

Control groups

This is an image of a Lewis rat. Credit: Charles River Laboratories.

The findings demonstrate a statistically systematic change from the status quo or the control group.

“In the design of experiments, treatments [or special properties or characteristics] are applied to [or observed in] experimental units in the treatment group(s).[8] In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.[9]"[10]

Proof of concept

Def. a “short and/or incomplete realization of a certain method or idea to demonstrate its feasibility"[11] is called a proof of concept.

Def. evidence that demonstrates that a concept is possible is called proof of concept.

The proof-of-concept structure consists of

  1. background,
  2. procedures,
  3. findings, and
  4. interpretation.[12]

Proof of technology

"[T]he objective of a proof of technology is to determine the solution to some technical problem, such as how two systems might be integrated or that a certain throughput can be achieved with a given configuration."[13]

Def.

  1. "[a]n original object or form which is a basis for other objects, forms, or for its models and generalizations",[14]
  2. "[a]n early sample or model built to test a concept or process",[14] or
  3. "[a]n instance of a category or a concept that combines its most representative attributes"[14] is called a prototype.

Def. "[t]o test something using the conditions that it was designed to operate under, especially out in the real world instead of in a laboratory or workshop"[15] is called "field-test", or a field test.

A "proof-of-technology prototype ... typically implements one critical scenario to exercise or stress the highest-priority requirements."[16]

"[A] proof-of-technology test demonstrates the system can be used"[17].

"The strongest proof of technology performance is based on consistency among multiple lines of evidence, all pointing to similar levels of risk reduction."[18]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Frans Hüsken (1979). "Landlords, sharecroppers and agricultural labourers: changing labour relations in rural Java". Journal of Contemporary Asia 9 (2): 140-51. doi:10.1080/00472337985390151. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00472337985390151. Retrieved 2015-06-30.
  2. 1 2 James Borneman, Paul W. Skroch, Katherine M. O'Sullivan, James A. Palus, Norma G. Rumjanek, Jennifer L. Jansen, James Nienhuis, and Eric W. Triplett (June 1996). "Molecular Microbial Diversity of an Agricultural Soil in Wisconsin". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62 (6): 1935-43. http://aem.asm.org/content/62/6/1935.short. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
  3. ↑ P. A. Steudler, R. D. Jones, M. S. Castro, J. M. Melillo, and D. L. Lewis (1996). J. Colin Murrell and Donovan P. Kelly. ed. Microbial Controls of Methane Oxidation in Temperate Forest and Agricultural Soils. 39. Berlin Heidelberg: NATO ASI Series, SpringerLink. 69-84. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-61096-7_5. ISBN 978-3-642-64693-5. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-61096-7_5. Retrieved 2015-06-30.
  4. 1 2 3 Ted R. Schultz and Seán G. Brady (30 January 2008). "Major evolutionary transitions in ant agriculture". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 (14): 5435-40. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711024105. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/14/5435.long. Retrieved 2015-06-30.
  5. 1 2 Catherine E. Crawley (March 2007). "Localized debates of agricultural biotechnology in community newspapers: A quantitative content analysis of media frames and sources". Science Communication 28 (3): 314-46. http://scx.sagepub.com/content/28/3/314.short. Retrieved 2015-06-30.
  6. ↑ Martin J. Smith (June 1989). "Changing agendas and policy communities: agricultural issues in the 1930s and the 1980s". Public Administration 67 (2): 149-65. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1989.tb00719.x. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1989.tb00719.x/abstract. Retrieved 2015-06-30.
  7. ↑ Margaret Alston and Jane Wilkinson (December 1998). "Australian farm women–shut out or fenced in? The lack of women in agricultural leadership". Sociologia Ruralis 38 (3): 391-408. doi:10.1111/1467-9523.00085. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9523.00085/abstract. Retrieved 2015-06-30.
  8. ↑ Klaus Hinkelmann, Oscar Kempthorne (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9. http://books.google.com/?id=T3wWj2kVYZgC&printsec=frontcover.
  9. ↑ R. A. Bailey (2008). Design of comparative experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9. http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521683579.
  10. ↑ "Treatment and control groups, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. May 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
  11. ↑ "proof of concept, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. November 10, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  12. ↑ Ginger Lehrman and Ian B Hogue, Sarah Palmer, Cheryl Jennings, Celsa A Spina, Ann Wiegand, Alan L Landay, Robert W Coombs, Douglas D Richman, John W Mellors, John M Coffin, Ronald J Bosch, David M Margolis (August 13, 2005). "Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study". Lancet 366 (9485): 549-55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67098-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1894952/. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
  13. ↑ "Proof of concept, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. December 27, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  14. 1 2 3 "prototype, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. December 8, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  15. ↑ "field-test, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. August 5, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  16. ↑ A. Liu; I. Gorton (March/April 2003). "Accelerating COTS middleware acquisition: the i-Mate process". Software, IEEE 20 (2): 72-9. doi:10.1109/MS.2003.1184171. http://cin.ufpe.br/~redis/intranet/bibliography/middleware/liu-cots03.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
  17. ↑ Rhea Wessel (January 25, 2008). "Cargo-Tracking System Combines RFID, Sensors, GSM and Satellite". RFID Journal: 1-2. http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/pdf/3870/1/1/rfidjournal-article3870.PDF. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
  18. ↑ P. Suresh, C. Rao, M.D. Annable and J.W. Jawitz (August 2000). E. Timothy Oppelt. ed. [http://www.afcee.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-071003-081.pdf#page=108 In Situ Flushing for Enhanced NAPL Site Remediation: Metrics for Performance Assessment, In: Abiotic In Situ Technologies for Groundwater Remediation Conference]. Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. pp. 105. http://www.afcee.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-071003-081.pdf#page=108. Retrieved 2012-02-15.

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