Chemicals/Oxidanes

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This is a graph of the global mean atmospheric water vapor superimposed on an outline of the Earth. Credit: NASA.

Oxidanes is a lecture from the school of chemistry. The most common oxidane on the surface of the Earth is the liquid known as water. It occurs in the atmosphere as water vapor, and as a solid usually referred to as ice.

Astronomy

The image at the top of the page is a graph of the global mean atmospheric water vapor superimposed on an outline of the Earth.

Radiation

"Isotopic exchange between ice and water is found to take place in temperate glaciers. This exchange causes homogenization of deuterium in snow during summer thaws, together with a general increase in deuterium concentration."[1]

"Oxygen-isotope analyses of ice and firn from the Saskatchewan Glacier, Canada, and the Malaspina Glacier, Alaska, show that variations in ratios are likely to be of considerable value in glaciological research."[2]

Theoretical oxidanes

"Hill Formula: H2O. Molecular Weight: 18.02 g/mol. CAS registry number(s): 7732-18-5. Substance name(s): water; Wasser; Wasserstoffoxid; Eis; Wasserdampf; Oxidane; R 718; R-718; Ice; Wasser."[3]

Gases

"The major atmospheric gases on Earth, Venus, and Mars were probably CO2, H2O, and N2. [The ions from the upper parts of an atmosphere] are often suprathermal, and their interactions can produce suprathermal neutral atoms as well [The] ionopause [...] separates the bound ionosphere from an outer region in which the solar wind is diverted and flows around and past the planet. This region still contains some neutral gas, and if such atoms are ionized by solar photons or electron impact, they are swept up in the flow."[4]

Liquids

Mineral water is being poured from a bottle into a glass. Credit: Walter J. Pilsak.
Impact from a water drop to water causes an upward "rebound" jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. Credit: Fir0002/Flagstaffotos.

The image on the right demonstrates that this substance's constituent parts are sticking together but not crystallizing as it flows from a bottle into a glass.

Def. a clear liquid having the chemical formula H2O, required by all forms of life on Earth is called water.

Def. of water from the metadefinition of a clear liquid:

  1. a clear flowing substance
  2. keeping or retaining no shape or definite shape
a. except that determined by the containing receptacle
3. composed of H2O molecules
a. not tending to separate from one another like those of a gas
b. readily changing relative position

is called water.

In the image on the right impact from a water drop to contained but open water causes an upward "rebound" jet surrounded by circular capillary waves.

Rocks/Glaciers

Vatnajökull, Iceland has an ice cap. Credit: NASA.

"The discoveries of water ice on the Moon, Mars and Europa add an extraterrestrial component to the field, as in "astroglaciology".[5]"[6]

Research

Hypothesis:

  1. Isotope concentrations in oxidanes can be used as indicators of history.

Control groups

This is an image of a Lewis rat. Credit: Charles River Laboratories.

The findings demonstrate a statistically systematic change from the status quo or the control group.

“In the design of experiments, treatments [or special properties or characteristics] are applied to [or observed in] experimental units in the treatment group(s).[7] In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.[8]"[9]

Proof of concept

Def. a “short and/or incomplete realization of a certain method or idea to demonstrate its feasibility"[10] is called a proof of concept.

Def. evidence that demonstrates that a concept is possible is called proof of concept.

The proof-of-concept structure consists of

  1. background,
  2. procedures,
  3. findings, and
  4. interpretation.[11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bragi Árnason (1969). "The exchange of hydrogen isotopes between ice and water in temperature glaciers". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 6 (6): 423-30. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(69)90111-3. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969E%26PSL...6..423A. Retrieved 2014-09-20.
  2. ↑ Samuel Epstein and Robert P. Sharp (January 1959). "Oxygen-isotope variations in the Malaspina and Saskatchewan Glaciers". The Journal of Geology 65 (1): 88-102. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30060071. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
  3. ↑ J Winkelmann (2007). M.D. Lechner. ed. Diffusion of water, In: Gases in Gases, Liquids and their Mixtures. 15A. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 130-1. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-49718-9_29. ISBN 978-3-540-62429-5. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-49718-9_29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.
  4. ↑ Donald M. Hunten (February 12, 1993). "Atmospheric Evolution of the Terrestrial Planets". Science 259 (5097): 915-20. http://www.csun.edu/~hmc60533/CSUN_311/article_references/Sc_Feb93_AtmosEvolTerrestPlanets.pdf. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
  5. ↑ Richard S. Williams, Jr. (1987). Annals of Glaciology. 9. International Glaciological Society. p. 255. http://www.igsoc.org/annals/9/igs_annals_vol09_year1987_pg254-255.pdf. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
  6. ↑ "Glaciology, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. March 30, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-23.
  7. ↑ Klaus Hinkelmann, Oscar Kempthorne (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9. http://books.google.com/?id=T3wWj2kVYZgC&printsec=frontcover.
  8. ↑ R. A. Bailey (2008). Design of comparative experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9. http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521683579.
  9. ↑ "Treatment and control groups, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. May 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
  10. ↑ "proof of concept, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. November 10, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  11. ↑ Ginger Lehrman and Ian B Hogue, Sarah Palmer, Cheryl Jennings, Celsa A Spina, Ann Wiegand, Alan L Landay, Robert W Coombs, Douglas D Richman, John W Mellors, John M Coffin, Ronald J Bosch, David M Margolis (August 13, 2005). "Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study". Lancet 366 (9485): 549-55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67098-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1894952/. Retrieved 2012-05-09.

External links

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