Charge ontology

The nature or essential characteristics of charge, an entity in or of the universe, may be called charge ontology.

Universals

Electromagnetism exists. It is neither finite not infinite but uncountable.

As a characteristic, the magnetic field and the electric field are at 90° to each other.

Constructive interference when it occurs may result in a tangle. Destructive interference also occurs and may result in a tachyonic tangle.

The appearance of Euclidean dimensions occurs only from the point of view of tangles within the electromagnetism. No tangles, no three of four dimensions of volume, motion, or time.

The appearance of motion occurs as tangles increase, decrease, disentangle or self-propagate through repulsion or attraction.

What came before electromagnetism? The concept of coming before (cause and effect) only comes into existence once tangles are complex enough to compose the concept. But, it is an approach to understanding not necessarily understanding.

Time is a dependent variable. The sequence is electromagnetism, then there are tangles such as interference and diffraction, then there is propagation, followed by motion, then time.

What is gravity? A special case of attraction between tangles that can be replaced by appropriate equations for electromagnetism including such forms as the strong force and weak force.

The higher the number of tangles the stronger is its effect on another set of tangles.

Does the universe have a beginning? The answer is unknown because a beginning may be created by tangles just as an end may be created.

Is the universe rational? It is irrational resulting in irrational real numbers such as π. The imaginary number i = (-1)1/2 does not exist in the universe but does exist in hominin mathematics.

What moves through the speed of light? As the universe of electromagnetism is uncountable a method or technique for propelling or motivating an object (an enormous collection of tangles appearing ordered) to move across the universe is developable.

Theoretical charge ontology

Def. a property of matter that is responsible for electrical phenomena, existing in a positive or negative form, or a quantity of this carried by a body, is called a charge.

Def. the "branch of metaphysics that addresses the nature or essential characteristics of being and of things that exist; the study of being qua being"[1] is called ontology.

Usage notes

"In the field of philosophy there is some variation in how the term ontology is used. Ontology is a much more recent term than metaphysics and takes its root meaning explicitly from the Greek term for being. Ontology can be used loosely as a rough equivalent to metaphysics or more precisely to denote that subset of the domain of metaphysics which is focused rigorously on the study of being as being."[1]

Physics

In physics,

F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}\ ,

where:

Coulomb's law states that the electrostatic force F experienced by a charge, q at position r_q, in the vicinity of another charge, Q at position r_Q, in vacuum is equal to:

F = {qQ\over4\pi\varepsilon_0}{1\over {r^2}},

so that

F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}\ = {qQ\over4\pi\varepsilon_0}{1\over {r^2}}.

Reducing this

G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}\ = {qQ\over4\pi\varepsilon_0}{1\over {r^2}},
G m_1 m_2 = \frac{qQ}{4\pi\varepsilon_0},
G = \frac{qQ}{4\pi\varepsilon_0 m_1 m_2},
G^{\frac{1}{2}} = 2.58\times 10^{-4} e.s.u. per gram.[2]

"That [gravitation] may actually be electrostatic charge per gram thus offers itself as an explanation of gravity. But this naive interpretation has been avoided because of the formidable problems incurred by the apparently complete nonpolarity of gravity and the absence of a satisfactory mechanism for the accumulation of the required amount of charge on one body, e.g., 1.54 x 1024 e.s.u. for the earth and 5.16 x 1029 e.s.u. for the sun."[2]

Radiation

There "are several reasons to believe that gravity is actually of electrical and magnetic origin."[2]

  1. "the earth is being continually and uniformly bombarded by cosmic radiation at a rate evidently in excess of 1015 cosmic-ray particles per second. Moreover, the primaries of cosmic radiation are apparently almost entirely positive ions.(9) As a matter of fact our magnetic field is such as to permit penetration by charges only of e/m [about] 1014 e.s.u./gram or less. Therefore electrons would need to have relativistic masses of around 3 x 103 m0 to penetrate the earth's magnetic field. While this is well within the energy range of cosmic radiation, at least many times more positives than negatives penetrate into the earth's atmosphere. But at a minimum of 1015 elementary positive charges per second or about 106 e.s.u. per second for the whole earth the charge on the earth would increase at a rate of at least 1013 e.s.u. per year."[2]
  2. the "magnetic moment of the earth has the value required by a circulating charge distribution corresponding to the charge G½ Me distributed approximately uniformly throughout the earth(1), i.e., µe = ee he/2Mec where ee is G½ Me , µe the earth's magnetic moment, he the mechanical moment of the earth and c the velocity of light."[2]
  3. "the same fundamental laws [seem to] apply in celestial as in atomic and molecular (and probably also nuclear) systems. [...] gravity is intimately related to the radiation from the central body. The most important correlation bearing out this intimate relation to atomic systems is the observed coupling between orbital and spin states".[2]
  4. "It is possible to take a large sample of the matter on the earth, namely that comprising the atmosphere, or 5.27 x 1021 grams, and show that it contains, within experimental error, the required electrical charge, namely about 1.36 x 1018 e.s.u. [We may] treat the atmosphere as a concentric-sphere condensor [capacitor] with the base of the atmosphere or the lithosphere as the inner sphere [and the approximate base of the ionosphere as the outer sphere. This] amounts to about 0.6 to 3.17 volts/cm (positive vertically upward so that q is positive) near the earth's surface. The average value is required to be 3.1 volts/cm in order that G½ M = q which is in excellent accord with the observed atmospheric potential gradient."[2]

Electromagnetics

In the "case [...] of a charged sphere moving through an unlimited space filled with a medium of specific inductive capacity K. The charged sphere will produce an electric displacement throughout the field; and as the sphere moves the magnitude of this displacement at any point will vary. Now, according to Maxwell's theory, a variation in the electric displacement produces the same effect as an electric current; and a field in which electric currents exist is a seat of energy; hence the motion of the charged sphere has developed energy, and consequently the charged sphere must experience a resistance as it moves through the dielectric. But as the theory of the variation of the electric displacement does not take into account any thing corresponding to resistance in conductors, there can [be] no dissipation of energy through the medium; hence the resistance cannot be analogous to an ordinary frictional resistance, but must correspond to the resistance theoretically experienced by a solid in moving through a perfect fluid. In other words, it must be equivalent to an increase in the mass of the charged moving sphere".[3]

Electromagnetic interactions

"Sources of electromagnetic fields consist of two types of charge – positive and negative."[4]

The relative strengths and ranges of the charge interactions:

Interaction Mediator Relative Magnitude Behavior Range
Strong interaction gluon 1038 1 10−15 m
Electromagnetic interaction photon 1036 1/r2 universal
Weak interaction W and Z bosons 1025 1/r5 to 1/r7 10−16 m
Gravity interaction photon 10 1/r2 universal

From an electromagnetic-type interaction point of view, the gravity interaction, or gravitational interaction, is a heavily charge-balanced ever so slight excess of positive charge amounting to 10-36 of a proton for the mass of a proton. Gravity owes its ability to attract other objects due to their apparent charge excess often represented by mass.

Weak forces

"An electric system in a medium [such as interstellar plasma] whose specific inductive capacity [permittivity, ε] varies from point to point tends to move in the direction of increasing [ε]."[5]

"If [...] the specific inductive capacity of the [medium varies as the density of the plasma varies especially] near matter, gravitation may be explained as a result of this tendency."[5]

"In a medium in which at a distance from a mass [...] a rigid electrostatic system would be acted on by a force directed toward [...] the electromagnetic mass of the system."[5]

Continua

Some "particles might be their own antimatter partners [...] The new Majorana particle showed up inside a superconductor [...] a long chain of iron atoms, which are magnetic, [were placed] on top of a superconductor made of lead. [...] the magnetic chain turned into a special type of superconductor in which electrons next to one another in the chain coordinated their spins to simultaneously satisfy the requirements of magnetism and superconductivity. Each of these pairs can be thought of as an electron and an antielectron, with a negative and a positive charge, respectively. That arrangement, however, leaves one electron at each end of the chain without a neighbor to pair with, causing them to take on the properties of both electrons and antielectrons — in other words, Majorana particles."[6]

These "Majoranas are what’s called emergent particles. They emerge from the collective properties of the surrounding matter and could not exist outside the superconductor."[6]

“Once you find the concept to be correct, it’s very likely that it shows up in another layer of physics. That’s what’s exciting.”[7]

Research

Hypothesis:

  1. The charge carrier is the photon.
  2. When photons become entangled, an electron, a positron, or a neutrino result.
  3. As electromagnetic radiation becomes entangled, the local charge density increases.

Control groups

This is an image of a Lewis rat. Credit: Charles River Laboratories.

The findings demonstrate a statistically systematic change from the status quo or the control group.

“In the design of experiments, treatments [or special properties or characteristics] are applied to [or observed in] experimental units in the treatment group(s).[8] In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.[9]"[10]

Proof of concept

Def. a “short and/or incomplete realization of a certain method or idea to demonstrate its feasibility"[11] is called a proof of concept.

Def. evidence that demonstrates that a concept is possible is called proof of concept.

The proof-of-concept structure consists of

  1. background,
  2. procedures,
  3. findings, and
  4. interpretation.[12]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "ontology, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 31 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Melvin Alonzo Cook (1958). Apendix III Plasma and Universal Gravitation, In: The Science of High Explosives. American Chemical Society Monograph Series. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation. pp. 440. http://www.catastrophism.com/texts/electricity-in-space/cook-plasma-gravitation.htm. Retrieved 2014-09-03.
  3. ↑ Joseph John Thomson (1881). "On the Electric and Magnetic Effects produced by the Motion of Electrified Bodies". Philosophical Magazine 511 (68): 229-49. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Electric_and_Magnetic_Effects_produced_by_the_Motion_of_Electrified_Bodies. Retrieved 2014-09-04.
  4. ↑ "Electromagnetic field, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. July 1, 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
  5. 1 2 3 H. A. Wilson (1 January 1921). "An Electromagnetic Theory of Gravitation". Physical Review 17 (1): 54-9. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.17.54. http://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.17.54. Retrieved 2014-09-04.
  6. 1 2 Clara Moskowitz (03 October 2014). "New particle is both matter and antimatter". Nature.com. Retrieved 2014-10-03.
  7. ↑ Ali Yazdani (03 October 2014). "New particle is both matter and antimatter". Nature.com. Retrieved 2014-10-03.
  8. ↑ Klaus Hinkelmann, Oscar Kempthorne (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9. http://books.google.com/?id=T3wWj2kVYZgC&printsec=frontcover.
  9. ↑ R. A. Bailey (2008). Design of comparative experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9. http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521683579.
  10. ↑ "Treatment and control groups, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. May 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
  11. ↑ "proof of concept, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. November 10, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  12. ↑ Ginger Lehrman and Ian B Hogue, Sarah Palmer, Cheryl Jennings, Celsa A Spina, Ann Wiegand, Alan L Landay, Robert W Coombs, Douglas D Richman, John W Mellors, John M Coffin, Ronald J Bosch, David M Margolis (August 13, 2005). "Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study". Lancet 366 (9485): 549-55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67098-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1894952/. Retrieved 2012-05-09.

Further reading

External links

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