Botany

This is a traditional cultural association between Maize, squash and beans, called Milpa in the region. Credit: Isabelle Fragniere.

Botany is usually the scientific study of plants, including their physiology, structure, genetics, ecology, distribution, classification, and economic importance.

"Traditionally, botany included the study of fungi, algae and viruses. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines including structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, [morphogenesis] development, [phytopathology] diseases, chemical properties, and evolutionary relationships among taxonomic groups. Botany began with early human efforts to identify edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest branches of science. Today botanists study about 400,000 species of living organisms."[1]

To propose a definition for say a plant whose flowers open at dawn on a warm day to be pollinated during the day time using the word "thing", "entity", "object", or "body" seems too general and is.

Control group

A control group for botany may be a group of living organisms with a rigorously defined genome to which the genome of a plant can be compared so as to clearly state the possible genome is a plant and only a plant.

Biology

Def. the "study of all life or living matter"[2] is called biology.

Colors

Cells contain chlorophyll a and b.

Theoretical botany

Def. "[t]he scientific study of plants, ... [t]ypically those disciplines that involve the whole plant"[1] is called botany.

Usage notes:

"The scientific definition of what organisms should be considered plants changed dramatically during the 20th century. Bacteria, algae, and fungi are no longer considered plants by those who study them. Many textbooks do not reflect the most current thinking on classification."[3]

Entities

Dominant species:

"[I]n any limited country, the species which is most common, that is abound most in individuals, and the species which are most widely diffused within their country (and this is a different consideration from wide range, and to a certain extent from commonness), often give rise to varieties sufficiently well-marked to have been recorded in botanical works. Hence it is the most flourishing, or as they may be called, the dominant species -- those which range widely over the world, are the most diffused in their own country, and are the most numerous in individuals, -- which oftenest produce well-marked varieties, or, as I consider them, incipient species."[4]

Objects

Def. an "organism of the kingdom Plantae; now specifically, a living organism of the Embryophyta (land plants) or of the Chlorophyta (green algae), a eukaryote that includes double-membraned chloroplasts in its cells containing chlorophyll a and b, or any organism closely related to such an organism"[3] is called a plant.

Def. "a multicellular eukaryote that includes chloroplasts in its cells, which have a cell wall"[3] is called a plant.

Agriculture

Def. "[t]he art or science of cultivating the ground, including the harvesting of crops, and the rearing and management of livestock; tillage; husbandry; farming"[5] is called agriculture.

Agronomy

Def. "[t]he science of utilizing plants, animals and soils for food, fuel, feed, and fiber and more"[6] is called agronomy.

Angiosperms

Def. a "member of the plant group characterized by having ovules enclosed in an ovary"[7] is called an angiosperm.

Bacteriology

Def. the "scientific study of bacteria, especially in relation to disease and agriculture"[8] is called bacteriology.

Biochemistry

"Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within, and relating to, living organisms.[9]"[10]

"Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry and biogeochemistry or ecology."[11]

"In biological systems, phosphorus is found as a free phosphate ion in solution and is called inorganic phosphate, to distinguish it from phosphates bound in various phosphate esters. Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted Pi and at physiological (neutral) pH primarily consists of a mixture of HPO42- and H2PO4- ions."[11]

Bryology

Def. "[t]he study of bryophytes (non-vascular plants including mosses and liverworts)"[12] is called bryology.

Dendrology

Def. "the study of trees and other woody plants"[13] is called dendrology.

Ethnobotany

Def. the "scientific study of the relationships between people and plants"[14] is called ethnobotany.

Forestry

Def. the science or practice of planting, managing, and caring for forests is called forestry.

Horticulture

Def. the "art or science of cultivating gardens"[15] is called horticulture.

Def. "the process or action of cultivating of the soil particularly in"[16] an "outdoor area containing one or more types of plants"[17] is called gardening.

Lichenology

Def. "the scientific study of lichens"[18] is called lichenology.

Mycology

Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, medicine (e.g., penicillin), food (e.g., beer, wine, cheese, edible mushrooms), and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection.[19]

Paleobotany

Def. the "branch of paleontology that deals with the study of plant fossils"[20] is called paleobotany.

Palynology

Def. the "scientific study of spores, pollen and particulate organic matter in rocks"[21] is called palynology.

Phycology

Def. the "scientific study of algae"[22] is called phycology.

Virology

Def. the "branch of microbiology that deals with the study of viruses and viral diseases"[23] is called virology.

Taxonomy

Composite image illustrates the diversity of plants. Credit: Ryan Kitko.

Superregnum: Eukaryota[24] Regnum: Plantae[25] Divisiones (8): "Algae" (first four)

  1. Charophyta
  2. Chlorophyta
  3. Glaucophyta
  4. Rhodophyta
  5. Anthocerotophyta
  6. Bryophyta
  7. Marchantiophyta
  8. Tracheophyta

Research

Hypothesis:

  1. Plant classification before genomics may not agree with classification after application of genomics.

Control groups

This is an image of a Lewis rat. Credit: Charles River Laboratories.

The findings demonstrate a statistically systematic change from the status quo or the control group.

“In the design of experiments, treatments [or special properties or characteristics] are applied to [or observed in] experimental units in the treatment group(s).[26] In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.[27]"[28]

Proof of concept

Def. a “short and/or incomplete realization of a certain method or idea to demonstrate its feasibility"[29] is called a proof of concept.

Def. evidence that demonstrates that a concept is possible is called proof of concept.

The proof-of-concept structure consists of

  1. background,
  2. procedures,
  3. findings, and
  4. interpretation.[30]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Botany, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. March 25, 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
  2. ↑ "biology, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  3. 1 2 3 "plant, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. August 7, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
  4. ↑ Charles Robert Darwin (1859). On the origin of the species by means of natural selection: or, The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: John Murray. pp. 516. http://books.google.com/books?id=_cvGifvlQiIC&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
  5. ↑ "agriculture, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. June 17, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
  6. ↑ "agronomy, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. February 11, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
  7. ↑ "angiosperm, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. October 18, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  8. ↑ SemperBlotto (23 May 2005). "bacteriology, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  9. ↑ http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAIN&node_id=1188&content_id=CTP_003379&use_sec=true&sec_url_var=region1&__uuid=aa3f2aa3-8047-4fa2-88b8-32ffcad3a93e
  10. ↑ "Biochemistry, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. April 15, 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
  11. 1 2 "Phosphate, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. April 10, 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
  12. ↑ "bryology, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. February 16, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
  13. ↑ "dendrology, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. October 7, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  14. ↑ "ethnobotany, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. June 20, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  15. ↑ "horticulture, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. October 8, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  16. ↑ "gardening, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. October 8, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  17. ↑ "garden, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. October 15, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  18. ↑ "lichenology, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. October 9, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  19. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycology
  20. ↑ "paleobotany, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. October 8, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  21. ↑ "palynology, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. June 17, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  22. ↑ Nadando (29 November 2007). "phycology, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  23. ↑ SemperBlotto (1 October 2006). "virology, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  24. ↑ "Eukaryota, In: Wikispecies". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 November 2015. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  25. ↑ "Plantae, In: Wikispecies". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 5 December 2015. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  26. ↑ Klaus Hinkelmann, Oscar Kempthorne (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9. http://books.google.com/?id=T3wWj2kVYZgC&printsec=frontcover.
  27. ↑ R. A. Bailey (2008). Design of comparative experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9. http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521683579.
  28. ↑ "Treatment and control groups, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. May 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
  29. ↑ "proof of concept, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. November 10, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  30. ↑ Ginger Lehrman and Ian B Hogue, Sarah Palmer, Cheryl Jennings, Celsa A Spina, Ann Wiegand, Alan L Landay, Robert W Coombs, Douglas D Richman, John W Mellors, John M Coffin, Ronald J Bosch, David M Margolis (August 13, 2005). "Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study". Lancet 366 (9485): 549-55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67098-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1894952/. Retrieved 2012-05-09.

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