Radiation Oncology/CNS/Trigeminal neuralgia/Overview
< Radiation Oncology < CNS < Trigeminal neuralgia
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Trigeminal Neuralgia
Epidemiology
- 15,000 new cases in US per year; incidence 4/100,000 - 5/100,000
- Majority of idiopathic TN after age 50
Definition
- International Headache Society
- Classical TN (also called Idiopathic, or tic douloureux)
- A) Paroxysmal attack lasting from fraction of a second to 2 minutes, affecting one or more of the trigeminal nerve divisions
- B) One of the two following: 1) intense, sharp, superficial, stabbing or 2) precipitated from trigger areas or by a trigger factor
- C) Stereotyped in the individual patient
- D) No other neurological deficits
- E) Not attributed to another disorder
- Symptomatic TN (also called Secondary)
- Symptoms indistinguishable from Classical TN but caused by a demonstrable structural lesion (e.g. neuroma, vascular compression)
- Classical TN (also called Idiopathic, or tic douloureux)
Signs and symptoms
- Idiopathic has five classical features:
- Paroxysmal
- Provokable
- Unilateral
- Confined to the trigeminal nerve distribution
- Unassociated with gross trigeminal motor or sensory loss.
- Atypical TN is any pain that lacks the 5 classical features.
- Multiple sclerosis-associated TN similar pain as idiopathic, but in the setting of MS
- Typically does not wake patient up at night
- Unilateral in most cases, if bilateral then not simultaneously
- Trigger zones in distribution of CN V, include light touch, chewing, talking, brushing teeth, cold air, smiling/grimacing
Pain Scales
Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI)
| Grade I | no pain, no medication |
| Grade II | occasional pain, no medication |
| Grade IIIa | no pain, medication |
| Grade IIIb | pain, medication controlled |
| Grade IV | pain, not well controlled |
| Grade V | no pain relief |
Marseille scale
| Class I | no pain, no medication |
| Class II | no pain, medication |
| Grade III | >90% pain frequency reduction |
| Grade IV | >50% pain frequency reduction |
| Grade V | no significant pain relief |
| Grade VI | pain worsening |
Etiology
- Idiopathic TN
- Compression of trigeminal nerve by aberrant artery or vein suspected in 80-90% of cases
- Resulting demyelination somehow triggers TN (possibly via ephaptic cross-talk between fibers mediating light touch and pain)
- Also evidence for central pain mechanisms (refractory period after episode, trans of pain after single stimulus, latency from stimulus to onset)
- Secondary TN
- Caused by other structural compressions (e.g. vestibular schwannoma, meningioma, epidermoid cyst, aneurysm, AVM)
- Oregon, 2004 PMID 15540931 -- "Pathophysiology of trigeminal neuralgia: new evidence from a trigeminal ganglion intraoperative microneurographic recording. Case report. (Burchiel KJ, J Neurosurg. 2004 Nov;101(5):872-3.)
- Intraop recordings suggest TN pain generated by an abnormal discharge within peripheral NS, both in trigeminal ganglion neurons and/or the nerve itself
Anatomy
- Trigeminal nerve (CN V) supplies sensory to the face, and sensory and motor to muscles of mastication
- V1 - Ophthalmic
- V2 - Maxillary
- V3 - Mandibular
- Nerve exits at midlateral surface of the pons
- Meckel's cave - gasserian ganglion (sensory ganglion), located 2 cm anterior to trigeminal root entry zone.
Imaging
- Thin slice (1mm) MRI/MRA to rule out structural lesions. Sensitivity and specificity for identifying vascular compression 89% and 50%
- Tufts
- 2006 PMID 16436823 -- "Nerve atrophy in severe trigeminal neuralgia: noninvasive confirmation at MR imaging--initial experience." (Erbay SH, Radiology. 2006 Feb;238(2):689-92.)
- 31 patient MRIs reviewed. Mean diameter on symptomatic side 2.11 mm vs. 2.62 mm (SS). Mean cross-sectional area 4.50 mm2 vs. 6.28 mm2 (SS)
- 2005 PMID 15662790 -- "Targeting the cranial nerve: microradiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia with CISS and 3D-flash MR imaging sequences." (Zerris VA, J Neurosurg. 2005 Jan;102 Suppl:107-10.)
- Multiple imaging sequences evaluated. CISS/3D-Flash preferred method
- 2006 PMID 16436823 -- "Nerve atrophy in severe trigeminal neuralgia: noninvasive confirmation at MR imaging--initial experience." (Erbay SH, Radiology. 2006 Feb;238(2):689-92.)
- MC Wisconsin PMID 16029818 -- "Effect of image uncertainty on the dosimetry of trigeminal neuralgia irradiation." (Jursinic PA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Aug 1;62(5):1559-67.)
- Conclusion: uncertainty of target by MRI >2x than by CT. 4&8 mm collimator higher isodose line than 4mm collimator
- UCLA PMID 15730595 -- "Three-dimensional fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition magnetic resonance imaging for stereotactic radiosurgery of trigeminal neuralgia." (Chavez GD, Neurosurgery. 2005 Mar;56(3):E628; discussion E628.)
- Evaluation of 3-D-FIESTA sequence in 15 patients. 3-D-FIESTA sequence successfully demonstrated the trigeminal complex (root entry zone, trigeminal ganglion, rootlets, and vasculature) in 14 patients (93.33%). The 3-D-FIESTA sequence also allowed visualization of the branches of the trigeminal nerve inside Meckel's cavity.
- Conclusion: SRS targeting of specific trigeminal branches may be feasible
- Rosewell Park PMID 11733329 -- "Focal enhancement of cranial nerve V after radiosurgery with the Leksell gamma knife: experience in 15 patients with medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia." (Alberico RA, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001 Nov-Dec;22(10):1944-8.)
- Retrospective. 15 patient MRIs. RT dose 35-45 Gy at 50% isodose line. Mean time to follow-up imaging 61 days
- Target enhancement in 10/15; remaining 5 had RT dose 35 Gy
Treatment
- Please see the treatment and retreatment pages
Cost-Effectiveness
- Mayo
- 1999-2001 PMID 15951649 -- "A prospective cost-effectiveness study of trigeminal neuralgia surgery." (Pollock BE, Clin J Pain. 2005 Jul-Aug;21(4):317-22.)
- Prospective, nonrandomized. 126 patients (MVD 33, GR 51, SRS 69)
- Outcomes (6 months, 24 months): MVD (85%, 78%) vs. GR (61%, 55%) vs. SRS (60%, 52%). MVD > GR = SRS
- Cost per quality adjusted pain-free year: MVD $8174 vs. GR $6342 vs. SRS $8269
- PMID 14677455 -- "CSNS Resident Award: the economics of trigeminal neuralgia surgery." (Ecker RD, Clin Neurosurg. 2003;50:387-95.)
- No abstract
- 1999-2001 PMID 15951649 -- "A prospective cost-effectiveness study of trigeminal neuralgia surgery." (Pollock BE, Clin J Pain. 2005 Jul-Aug;21(4):317-22.)
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