Irish/Basic Sentence Structure

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Irish

Basic Sentence Structure

Tá and Is

Irish has two different ways of expressing the English verb "to be".

Tá is the verb "to be", used for describing people or things, "I am..." eg. "I am tired, I am here" a) where something is or b) what state it is in
Is is the copula, and is not quite a complete verb; its most common use is to say what something is, "I am a..." eg. "I am a teacher, I am a man"

The copula is a sort of pseudo-verb. It is used for four main purposes:

Identification, or saying that some specific thing, identified by a definite noun (usually a noun with the article) or pronoun is the same as some other specific thing
- Example: "That is my cow" = "Is í mo bhó í sin"
Classification, or saying that some specific thing fits into some class - in other words, saying that the thing "is a" something, where the something is a general class rather than a specific object
- Example: "That is a cow" = "Is bó í sin"
Emphasis, or moving certain sentence parts earlier in the clause to make them more prominent to the listener or reader. English often uses tone of voice, accented syllables to do this, but Irish primarily relies on word order
- Example: "In God we trust" = "Is i nDia a cuirimid ár muinín" (compare to "We trust in God" = "Cuirimid ár muinín i nDia")
Questions use a special form of the copula: "An." For example "An fear é Seán?": "Is Seán a man?"
- There are also instances in which the copula may safely be left out: "Is mise Seán" can become simply "Mise Seán."

"Bí" is the verb "to be."

táim	I am
tá tú	You are
tá sé	He is
tá sí	She is
táimid, ta muid	We are
tá sibh	You (plural) are
tá siad	They are

If you want to negate "tá sé," you use níl instead of tá. Níl sé He is not

Some Simple Sentences

Approximate phonetic pronunciations are provided for the phrases below. Pronunciation varies from one dialect to another. If you learned a different way of pronouncing these words, don't worry.

Classification sentences

In a classification sentence, we tell what class an identified person belongs to. For example, telling the profession of someone. Here are some persons and their professions.

Cad é is gairm bheatha duit? Cén tslí bheatha atá agat? Cén cineál oibre atá agat? What is your profession?

Is múinteoir mé. I am a teacher.

Is scoláire thú. You are (thou art) a scholar, a pupil. (Scoláire is obviously the same word as the English scholar, but the Irish word is more often used in the sense of a school pupil, which, incidentally, can also be dalta. In the Irish-speaking districts, a person who could read and write - in those days when analphabetism was still common - could also be called a scoláire. Note that the word for "school ide" is scoil íde.)

Is dlíodóir í Siobhán. Siobhán (Joan) is a lawyer. (Dlíodóir - in Ulster Irish, dlítheoir - comes from the word for law, dlí.)

Is feirmeoir é Seán. Seán (John) is a farmer. (Feirmeoir is obviously related to feirm, a farm. In Connacht, there are the parallel forms feilméir and feilm, respectively.)

Is pluiméir é Máirtín. Máirtín (Martin) is a plumber.

Is bríceadóir é Colm. Colm (Malcolm) is a bricklayer. (Instead of bríceadóir, you can also use the obvious English loan-word brícléir. A brick is called bríce in Irish.)

Is ríomhinnealtóir é Risteárd. Risteárd (Richard) is a computer engineer (a computer is called ríomhaire, an engineer is innealtóir).

Is státseirbhíseach í Nóra. Nóra is a civil servant.

Is tiománaí tacsaí í Máire. Máire (Mary) is a taxi driver. In Irish, "a driver of taxi". The English of is understood.

Is spásaire é James Tiberius Kirk. James Tiberius Kirk is a spaceman, an astronaut.

Is arrachtach é The Incredible Hulk. The Incredible Hulk is a monster.

Is aisteoir í Nana Visitor. Nana Visitor is an actress (actually, in Irish it is perfectly OK to use the word aisteoir, actor, even for a female actor; if you want to stress the fact that she is female, you can say Is ban-aisteoir í Nana Visitor or Is aisteoir mná í Nana Visitor.)

An dochtúir é Liam? Is ea. Is dochtúir é. Is dochtúir maith é. "Is Liam a doctor? Yes. He is a doctor. He is a good doctor." Irish doesn't actually have words for the English "yes" and "no" - this might feel a little funny, but the way Irish does it is actually quite common as languages go. If you ask a question in the form of a classification sentence, such as "is he a doctor?" -an dochtúir é? it is answered either is ea ("is") or ní hea ("isn't"). Please note that the attributive adjective maith, good, comes after the noun it qualifies.

The little word ea (in Ulster and in older texts, eadh) means "it", but it is only used in copula constructions. There is an alternative sort of classification sentence, which uses the word ea and is especially common in southern dialects:

Is dlíodóir í. = Dlíodóir is ea í. She is a lawyer.

Is feirmeoir é. = Feirmeoir is ea é. He is a farmer.

Is pluiméir é. = Pluiméir is ea é. He is a plumber.

Is brícléir é. = Brícléir is ea é. He is a bricklayer.

Is imreoir sacair é. = Imreoir sacair is ea é. He is a soccer player (imreoir player, sacar soccer, imreoir sacair player of soccer)

Is peileadóir thú. = Peileadóir is ea thú. You are (thou art) a player of Gaelic football.

Is ríomhinnealtóir mé. = Ríomhinnealtóir is ea mé. I am a computer engineer.

Is siúinéir thú. = Síúinéir is ea thú. You are a carpenter. (Siúinéir, which comes from the English word "joiner", is probably the most common word for "carpenter" in Irish nowadays, but you might want to know that there are the alternative terms cearpantóir and saor adhmaid.)

Is fisiceoir í. = Fisiceoir is ea í. She is a physicist.

Is ceimiceoir mé. = Ceimiceoir is ea mé. I am a (research) chemist (i.e. a laboratory kind of chemist).

Is poitigéir thú. = Poitigéir is ea thú. You are a (pharmaceutical) chemist (i.e. you work at the chemist's).

Is matamaiticeoir í. = Matamaiticeoir is ea í. She is a mathematician.

Is geolaí mé. = Geolaí is ea mé. I am a geologist.

Is geoiceimiceoir thú. = Geoiceimiceoir is ea thú. You are a geochemist.

Is réalteolaí í. = Réalteolaí is ea í. She is an astronomer.

Is réaltfhisiceoir mé. = Réaltfhisiceoir is ea mé. I am an astrophysicist.

Is geoifisiceoir thú. = Geoifisiceoir is ea thú. You are a geophysicist.

Greeting Someone

There are three ways to say "How are you?", depending on your dialect. Just pick the one you're most comfortable with, and use it.

Irish	English	Pronunciation	IPA
Conas atá tú?	How are you? (Munster)	KUN-USS ATAW TOO?	?
Cén chaoi a bhfuil tú?	How are you? (Connaught)	KAY KHWEE A WILL TOO?	?
Cad é mar atá tú?	How are you? (Ulster)	CAWD AY MAR ATAW TOO?	?

Basic Conversation

Irish	English	Pronunciation	IPA
Tá mé go maith.	I am well.	TAW MAY GUH MAH	?
_____ is ainm dom.	_____ is my name.	_____ ISS an-yim DUM	?
*Is mise name.*	I am name.	ISS MISH-uh...	?
Cad is ainm duit?	What is your name?	KOD ISS AN-yim DITCH	?
Tá _____ agam.	I have _____.	TAW _____ ug-UHM	?
An bhfuil _____ agat?	Do you have _____?	WILL _____ ug-UHT?	?
*Tá __X__* ag __Y__.**	__Y__ has __X__.	TAW ___ EGG ___	?
Tá mé i mo chónaí i _____.	I live in _____.	TAW MAY ih MUH HOH-nee	?
Cá bhfuil tú i do chónaí?	Where do you live?	KAW WILL TOO ih DUH HOH-nee	?
Rugadh agus togadh mé i _____.	I was born and reared in _____.	RUG-oo GUSS TOH-goo MAY ih...	?
Is as _____ ó dhúchas mé.	I'm originally from _____.	ISS AHSS _____ OH GHOO-khus MAY	?
Is maith liom _____.	I like _____.	ISS MAH LUM...	?
An maith leat _____?	Do you like _____?	UN MAH LAT...	?
Is brea liom _____.	I really like _____.	ISS BRAW LUM...	?
Is fuath liom _____.	I hate _____.	ISS FOO-uh LUM...	?
Is maith le __X__ __Y__	__X__ likes __Y__.	ISS MAH LUH/LAY...	?
Ba mhaith liom _____.	I would like _____.	BUH WAH LUM ...	?
Ar mhaith leat _____?	Would you like _____?	ER WAH LAT ...?	?
an _____ seo	this _____	AN SHOW
an _____ sin	that _____	AN SHIN
ceart go leor	fine	KyART GUH LyOHR	?
anois	now	uh-NISH	?
Fáilte!	Welcome!	FALL-chuh	?
Tá a fhios agam	I know	TAHSS uh-GUM	?
go raibh maith agat	thank you (Often abbreviated grma on the Internet)	GUH-ruh MAH GUT	?

Describing someone or something, part 1

Irish	English	Pronunciation	IPA
Tá sé __adjective__	He/it is _____	TAW SHAY	?
Tá sí __adjective__	She/it is _____	TAW SHEE	?
Tá __name__ __adjective__	Name is _____	?	?

Practice

Here are some words you can use to fill in the blanks above:

Irish	English	Pronunciation	IPA
ard	tall	ARD	?
gairid	short	GAR-ij	?
mór	big	MOHR	?
beag	small	ByUG	?
sean	old	SHAN	ʃæn
nua	new	NOO	?
óg	young	OHG	?
fada	long	FAH-duh	?
fuar	cold	FOO-ur	?
te	hot	CHEH	tʃɛ
fliuch	wet	FLUKH	?
tirim	dry	CHIR-im
dorcha	dark	DOHR-khuh	?
geal	bright	GYAL	?
bán	white	BAHN	?
dubh	black	DUHV	?
dearg	red	JAR-ug	?
gorm	blue	GOHR-um	?
buí	yellow	BWEE	?
beo	alive	ByOH	?
bog	soft	BUG	?
crua	hard	KROO-uh	?
glan	clean	GLAHN	?
salach	dirty	SAH-lukh	?
milis	sweet	MILL-ish	mɪlɪʃ
anseo	here	un-SHUH	?
ansin	there	un-SHIN	?

Describing someone or something, part 2

Example: Tá sé __adjective__ = He/it is _____

Irish	English	Pronunciation	IPA
Tá mé (or Táim)	I am	TAW MAY	?
Tá tú	You are	TAW TOO	?
Tá sé	He/it is	TAW SHAY	?
Tá sí	She/it is	TAW SHEE	?
Tá muid (or Táimid)	We are	TAW MWIJ	?
Tá sibh	You (plural) are	TAW SHIV	?
Tá siad	They are	TAW SHEED	?

Example: Níl sí __adjective__ = She/it isn't _____

Irish	English	Pronunciation	IPA
Níl mé (or Nílim)	I am not	NEEL MAY	?
Níl tú	You are not	NEEL TOO	?
Níl sé	He/it is not	NEEL SHAY	?
Níl sí	She/it is not	NEEL SHEE	?
Níl muid (or Nílimid)	We are not	NEEL MWIJ	?
Níl sibh	You (plural) are not	NEEL SHIV	?
Níl siad	They are not	NEEL SHEED	?

Asking questions

Irish	English	Pronunciation	IPA
An bhfuil mé?	Am I?	(uh) WILL MAY	?
An bhfuil tú?	Are you?	(uh) WILL TOO	?
An bhfuil sé?	Is he/it?	(uh) WILL SHAY	?
An bhfuil sí?	Is she/it?	(uh) WILL SHEE	?
An bhfuil muid (or An bhfuilimid?)	Are we?	(uh) WILL MWIJ	?
An bhfuil sibh?	Are you (plural)?	(uh) WILL SHIV	?
An bhfuil siad?	Are they?	(uh) WILL SHEED	?
Nach bhfuil mé?	Aren't I?	NAKH WILL MAY	?
Nach bhfuil tú?	Aren't you?	NAKH WILL TOO	?
Nach bhfuil sé?	Isn't he/it?	NAKH WILL SHAY	?
Nach bhfuil sí?	Isn't she/it?	NAKH WILL SHEE	?
Nach bhfuil muid (or Nach bhfuilimid?)	Aren't we?	NAKH WILL MWIJ	?
Nach bhfuil sibh?	Aren't you (plural)?	NAKH WILL SHIV	?
Nach bhfuil siad?	Aren't they?	NAKH WILL SHEED	?

All of the above questions are answered simply Tá or Níl.

Irish	English	Pronunciation	IPA
Cá bhfuil...?	Where is ...?	KAH WILL	?

Practice

Here are some more adjectives to practice with.

Irish	English	Pronunciation	IPA
dathúil or doighiúil	good-looking	DAW-hyool, DOY-hyool	?
cairdiúil	friendly	KAR-jool	?
lách	pleasant	LAHkh	?
breá	fine	BRAA	?
álainn	beautiful	AW-lun	?
daor	dear, expensive	DEER	?
saor	cheap, inexpensive	SEER	?
tinn	sick, sore	CHEEN	?
spéisiúil	interesting	SPAY-shool	?
tabhachtach	important	TAH-wukh-tukh	?
glic	cunning, "cute"	GLIK	?
tuirseach	tired	TOOR-shukh	?
glán	clean	GLAHN	?
salach	dirty	SAH-lukh	?
deacair	difficult	JAA-ker	?
éasca	easy	AY-skuh	?
láidir	strong	LAW-jer	?
lag	weak	LAHG	?
dána	bold, naughty	DAH-nuh	?

Classification Statements

The verb tá, and its other forms (níl, an bhfuil, and nach bhfuil) can be used to describe something, but they can't be used to say what something is. For that you need to use a special verb called the copula.

Think of copula statements as a set of templates you can plug things into. You can change what you plug into the template, but you can't change the template itself. One of the templates available is a classification statement. A classification statement has the form:

Irish	English
Is + category-noun + subject-noun.	subject-noun is a category-noun

Examples:

Irish	English	Pronunciation	IPA
Is fear Liam.	Liam is a man.	ISS FAR LEEM	?
Ní cat Dougal.	Dougal is not a cat.	NEE KUT GOO-gull	?
An ainmhí é?	Is it an animal?	un AN-uh-vee AY?	?
Nach madra Dougal?	Isn't Dougal a dog?	NAKH MAH-druh AY DOO-gull?	?

These questions are answered simply Is ea or Ní hea.

Notes:

In place of Is, you can have Ní, An?, Nach?, Ba, etc. as appropriate.
In a classification statement, the predicate (category) is always an indefinite noun (a cat, a house, a doctor). There is another type of copula template, the identification statement, that uses a definite noun (the cat, the house, the doctor) as the predicate. This structure will be discussed later.

Practice

You can practice classification statements using the nouns below.

Irish	English	Pronunciation	IPA
múinteoir	teacher	MOON-chore	?
dochtúir	doctor	DOKH-toor	?
feirmeoir	farmer	FEHR-mohr	?
meicneoir	mechanic	MEKH-nohr	?
dlíodóir	lawyer	DLEE-uh-dohr	?
iriseoir	journalist	EER-ish-ohr	?
tréidlia	vet	TRAYD-lee-uh	?
Éireannach	Irish person/thing	AY-run-ukh	?
Sasanach	English person/thing	SAH-sun-ukh	?
Meiriceánach	American person/thing	MEH-rih-kah-nukh

Review: Tá vs Is

One of the most common mistakes learners make is using tá in place of is, or vice versa. Here's one way to remember the difference:

The verb tá can be used to describe something.
To say what something is, you need the copula, is.

Another way to think of it:

Tá is used to associate a noun with an adjective.
Is is used to associate a noun with a another noun.

Exercises
Fill in the blanks with either tá or is, as appropriate. Hover your mouse over each blank to see the answer. ___ sé mór. It is big. ___ fear é. He is a man. ___ an lá go deas. The day is nice. ___ muid sásta. We are happy. ___ dochtúir í. She is a doctor. ___ Máire tinn. Máire is ill. ___ an leabhar sin deacair. That book is difficult. ___ leabhar Gone With The Wind. Gone With The Wind is a book. ___ an leabhar ar an mbord. The book is on the table. ___ mo mhadra Dougal. Dougal is my dog. ___ madra mór é. He is a big dog. ___ an madra mór. The dog is big. ___ an fhuinneog briste. The window is broken. ___ fuinneog bhriste é sin. That is a broken window. ___ sé níos mó ná bosca arán. It is bigger than a breadbox.

Exercises

Fill in the blanks with either tá or is, as appropriate. Hover your mouse over each blank to see the answer.

___ sé mór. It is big.

___ fear é. He is a man.

___ an lá go deas. The day is nice.

___ muid sásta. We are happy.

___ dochtúir í. She is a doctor.

___ Máire tinn. Máire is ill.

___ an leabhar sin deacair. That book is difficult.

___ leabhar Gone With The Wind. Gone With The Wind is a book.

___ an leabhar ar an mbord. The book is on the table.

___ mo mhadra Dougal. Dougal is my dog.

___ madra mór é. He is a big dog.

___ an madra mór. The dog is big.

___ an fhuinneog briste. The window is broken.

___ fuinneog bhriste é sin. That is a broken window.

___ sé níos mó ná bosca arán. It is bigger than a breadbox.

Fiche Ceist (Twenty Questions)

Playing Fiche Ceist is an excellent way to become familiar with:

the difference between "tá" and "is",
how nouns change when preceded by a preposition + definite article, and
masculine vs. feminine nouns

Follow the examples below.

TO DO: provide translations for all the words that aren't introduced earlier in the text

Is it…? Describing the object

An bhfuil sé	fuar? (cold) te? (hot) fliuch? (wet) tirim? (dry) dorcha? (dark) geal? (bright) bán? (white) dubh? (black) dearg? (red) gorm? (blue) buí? (yellow) beo? (alive) bog? (soft) crua? (hard) glan? (clean) salach? (dirty) milis? (sweet) mór? (big) beag? (small) ard (tall) sean (old) nua (new) óg (young)		Tá. (yes) Níl. (no) Is deacair a rá. (It’s difficult to say). Uaireanta. (sometimes) Beagnach (almost) Tá sé réasúnta fuar, etc. (It’s reasonably cold, etc.)
	chomh mór le (as big as) níos mó ná (bigger than) chomh beag le (as small as) níos lú ná (smaller than)	bosca arán? (a bread box)
	déanta as adhmad? (made of wood) sa seomra ranga? (in the classroom)
	sa (in the)	bhosca, chupán, mhála
	ar an (on the) faoin (under the) in aice leis an (beside the) gar don (near the)	mbord mbosca mbuidéal gcathaoir gclog gcupán ndeoch bhfáinne bhfuinneoig bpáipéar bpeann bpictiúr leabhar mála scáthán scian spúnóg

Is it…? Identifying or classifying the object

An	cóta (a coat) clog (a clock) leabhar (a book) pictiúr (a picture) páipéar (a paper, newspaper) bord (a table) buidéal (a bottle) forc (a fork) cupán (a cup) bía (food) mála (a bag) peann (a pen) fón (a phone) bosca (a box) scáthán(a mirror) fáinne (a ring)	é?	Is ea. Ní hea.
	scian (a knife) spúnóg (a spoon) deoch (a drink) cathaoir (a chair) fuinneog (a window) bróg (a shoe) bó (a cow)	í?

Past and Future: An Introduction

The table below illustrates how to form simple sentences in the past, present and future tenses.

Past	Bhí An raibh...? Ní raibh	mé tú sé sí muid sibh siad Cáit Seán an cat	anseo ansin ann tinn ard sásta láidir go hálainn go dona
Present	Tá An bhfuil...? Níl
Future	Beidh An mbeidh...? Ní bheidh

Irish	Pronunciation	IPA
Bhí	VEE	?
An raibh	AN ROW	?
Ní raibh	NEE ROW	?
Beidh	BAY	?
An mbeidh	UN MAY	?
Ní bheidh	NEE VAY	?

There are also a few combined forms that are used in some dialects. Until you're ready to focus on one dialect in particular, you can use either form:

Irish	English	Pronunciation	IPA
táim	I am	TAWM	?
táimid	we are	TAW-mwidj	?
bhíomar	we were	VEE-mer	?
beimid	we will be	BAY-midj	?

Exercises
Practice by answering the questions below. If any of the words below are unfamiliar, you should be able to find them in the previous sections. Anois... Now... Cá bhfuil tú i do chónaí? Cad é an aimsir inniú? An maith leat seacláid? An bhfuil tú óg? Sean? An bhfuil Gaeilge easca? Nuair a bhí tú óg... When you were young... An raibh tú mór? An raibh tú beag? An raibh tú sean? An raibh tú salach? An raibh tú dána? Cá raibh tú i do chónaí? Nuair a bheidh tú sean... When you are (will be) old... An mbeidh tú dathiúil? An mbeidh tú láidir? An mbeidh tú lag? An mbeidh tú tuirseach?

Exercises

Practice by answering the questions below. If any of the words below are unfamiliar, you should be able to find them in the previous sections.

Anois... Now...

Cá bhfuil tú i do chónaí?

Cad é an aimsir inniú?

An maith leat seacláid?

An bhfuil tú óg? Sean?

An bhfuil Gaeilge easca?

Nuair a bhí tú óg... When you were young...

An raibh tú mór?

An raibh tú beag?

An raibh tú sean?

An raibh tú salach?

An raibh tú dána?

Cá raibh tú i do chónaí?

Nuair a bheidh tú sean... When you are (will be) old...

An mbeidh tú dathiúil?

An mbeidh tú láidir?

An mbeidh tú lag?

An mbeidh tú tuirseach?

Comparisons

In English, we usually make comparisons by tacking the suffix -er or -est onto the adjective. Irish also has special comparative forms.

Example:

mór big

níos mó bigger (ní ba mhó in the past tense)

is mó biggest (ba mhó in the past tense)

fuar cold

níos fuaire colder (ní b'fhuaire in the past tense)

is fuaire coldest (ab fhuaire in the past tense)

álainn lovely

níos áille lovelier (ní b'áille in the past tense)

is áille loveliest (ab áille in the past tense)

Note that the same form of the adjective is used for the relative and absolute comparisons. It's the prefix, níos or is, that makes the difference. Also note that the comparison is expressed differently for the past tense. (We're only going to worry about the present tense in this thread.)

The most common structures for comparing things are:

*Is comparative* X ná Y**	X is ___er than Y.
*Tá X níos comparative* ná Y**	X is ___er than Y.
Is X an Z is comparative	X is the ___est Z.

You may have notice something unusual about that first structure. I said earlier that is is used for absolute comparisons, where we use the '-est' ending in English, but I translate the first structure using an "-er" ending. You probably remember your English teacher saying that you compare two things using "-er"; that "-est" could only be used with three or more things. However, Irish doesn't have this rule. A sentence such as Is í an tsúil chlé an tsúil is láidre literally means "My left eye is the strongest eye", where in English we would say "My left eye is the stronger eye." So in short, don't worry about it.

One final comment about the first and third structures. The copula, is, can never be followed directly by a definite noun or a proper noun; you need to insert é, í or iad. If you're not ready to deal with that, don't worry. Just stick with the second structure.

So let's look at some examples of how to make comparisons.

Example:

Tá an madra mór. The dog is big.

Tá an madra níos mó ná an cat. The dog is bigger than the cat. (Notice how ná is used for "than".)

Sin an madra is mó. That is the biggest dog.

Tá an aimsir fuar. The weather is cold.

Tá an aimsir níos fuaire anois. The weather is colder now.

Tá an lá inniu go deas. Today is nice.

Beidh an lá amárach níos deise. Tomorrow will be nicer.

Is airde mise ná tusa. I am taller than you.

Is é Seán an fear is airde sa rang. Seán is the tallest man in the class.

Is fearr Gaeilge briste ná Béarla cliste. Broken Irish is better than clever English.

Comparative Forms

The rules for changing an adjective into the comparative form are fairly simple.

If it ends in a consonant, add -e to it. (If the ending isn't slender, you'll need to make it slender first.)
- glas - níos glaise - is glaise

If it ends in a vowel, no change.
- dána - níos dána - is dána

If it ends in -(e)ach, change the ending to -(a)í.
- bacach - níos bacaí - is bacaí
- díreach - níos dírí - is dírí

If it ends in -(i)úil, change the ending to -(i)úla.
- flaithiúil - níos flaithiúla - is flaithiúla
- dathúil - níos dathúla - is dáthúla.

Irregular Comparatives

beag - níos lú - is lú
breá - níos breátha - is breátha
dócha - níos dóichí - is dóichí
fada - níos faide - is faide
fogus - níos foisce - is foisce
furasta - níos fusa - is fusa
iomaí - níos lia - is lia
ionúin - níos ionúine - is ionúine
maith - níos fearr - is fearr
olc - níos measa - is measa
te - níos teo - is teo
tréan - níos tréine/treise - is tréine/treise
mór - níos mó - is mó

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