General Chemistry/Useful Equations

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General

Density	${\frac {mass}{volume}}$
Moles	${\frac {given~mass~(g)}{gram~formula~mass}}$
Percent Error	${\frac {measured-accepted}{accepted}}\times 100\%$
Percent Composition (by mass)	${\frac {mass~of~part}{mass~of~whole}}\times 100\%$
Molarity	${\frac {moles~of~solute}{volume~of~solution}}$
Molality	${\frac {moles~of~solute}{mass~of~solvent~in~kg}}$
Rate of Reaction	${\frac {Difference~in~quantity}{Difference~in~time}}$
De,broglies law	¥ = ${\frac {h}{mv}}$

Atomic Structure

Symbol	Meaning	Symbol	Meaning
$E$	energy	$c$	speed of light
$v$	frequency	$\lambda$	wavelength
$Q$	charge	$r$	distance
$k_{e}$	Coulomb's constant	$h$	Plank's constant H/nkne

Energy of Wave	$E=hv$
Wave Relation	$c=\lambda v$
Coulomb's Law	$F_{e}=k_{e}{\frac {Q_{1}Q_{2}}{r^{2}}}$

Solutions, Liquids, and Gases

Symbol	Meaning
$P$	pressure
$V$	volume
$n$	number of moles
$R$	gas law constant
$T$	temperature (in Kelvin)
$K_{f}$	molal freezing point constant
$K_{b}$	molal boiling point constant
$\chi$	mole fraction
$m$	molality
$M$	molarity
$c$	specific heat capacity
$M_{w}$	mass of water (Kg)
$E_{h}$	heat energy released

Rauolt's Law	$P_{solution}=P_{1}\chi _{1}+P_{2}\chi _{2}+\dots$
Boiling Point Elevation	$\Delta T_{solution}=K_{b}\cdot m_{solute}$
Freezing Point Depression	$\Delta T_{solution}=K_{f}\cdot m_{solute}$
Ideal Gas Law	$PV=nRT$
Combined Gas Law	${\frac {P_{1}V_{1}}{n_{1}T_{1}}}={\frac {P_{2}V_{2}}{n_{2}T_{2}}}$
Titration	$M_{A}V_{A}=M_{B}V_{B}$
Dilution	$M_{1}V_{1}=M_{2}V_{2}$
Heat released by burning	$E_{h}=cM_{w}\Delta T$

Equilibrium

Symbol	Meaning
$K_{eq}$	equilibrium constant (general)
$K_p$	pressure equilibrium constant
$K_{c}$	concentration equilibrium constant
$T$	temperature (in Kelvin)
$\Delta n$	moles of product(gas) – moles of reactant(gas)

pH	$\mathrm {pH} =-\log {[\mathrm {H^{+}} ]}$
pOH	$\mathrm {pOH} =-\log {[\mathrm {OH^{-}} ]}$
(for water)	$\mathrm {pH} +\mathrm {pOH} =14$
Pressure/Concentration	$K_{p}=K_{c}(RT)^{\Delta n}$
Equilibrium, for a reaction $a\mathrm {A} +b\mathrm {B} \rightarrow c\mathrm {C} +d\mathrm {D}$	$K_{eq}={\frac {[\mathrm {C} ]^{c}[\mathrm {D} ]^{d}}{[\mathrm {A} ]^{a}[\mathrm {B} ]^{b}}}$

Thermochemistry

Symbol	Meaning
$q$	heat energy
$m$	mass
$c$	specific heat capacity
$T$	temperature (in Kelvin)
$S$	entropy
$H$	enthalpy
$G$	Gibbs free energy

Heat Transfer	$q=mc\Delta T$
Enthalpy	$\Delta H=H_{products}-H_{reactants}$
Entropy	$\Delta S=S_{products}-S_{reactants}$
Free Energy	$\Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S$

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