The
Duchy of Parma was a small Italian state between 1545 and 1802, and again from 1814 to 1860.
- Piero Lodovico 1545-1547
- Ottavio 1547-1586
- Alessandro[?] 1586-1592
- Rainuccio I 1592-1622
- Odoardo 1622-1646
- Rainuccio II 1646-1694
- Francesco 1694-1727
- Antonio Francesco 1727-1731
- Philip 1748-1765
- Ferdinand 1765-1802
- Charles II Louis 1847-1848
- Charles III 1848-1854
- Robert 1854-1860
- Roberto I 1860-1907
- Enrico 1907-1939
- Giuseppe 1939-1950
- Elias (regent 1907-1950) 1950-1959
- Roberto II 1959-1974
- Xavier 1974-1977
- Carlos Hugo 1977-present